Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VM741 BOD 2 > Exam 1: Pulmonary > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

ventilation

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What tissue type is the nasal mucosa

A

respiratory epithelium

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does tissue change from squamous –> transitional –> respiratory epithelium

A

nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diffusibility of CO2

A

20x more diffusible than oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aerogenous

A

most common route of entry into lungs

get cranioventral dz (bronchopneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathogens that utilize aerogenous entry

A 
bacteria
mycoplasma
viruses
toxic gasses
foreign particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hematogenous

A

common route of entry into lungs for septicemia and viremia

get diffuse, non-collapsing lung (interstitial pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pathogens that utillize hematogenous entry

A

viruses
bacteria
parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do respiratory clinical signs indicate about level of disease?

A

not much

small affected area may cause severe signs, large affected area may have no/mild signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Irritation of URT = what clinical sign?

A

sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Irritation of trachea and/or bronchi = what clinical sign?

A

coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 causes of mucociliary dysfunction

A
  1. congenital (dogs with immotile cilia syndrome)
  2. environmental (e.g. smoke, pollution)
  3. infectious (e.g. mycoplasma, bordatella, viral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)

A

genetic defect makes ciliary movement defective –> reduced clearance –> predisposition to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Early URT damage

A

decreased cilia, increased goblet cells + inflammation –> hyperemia, edema, neutrophils = impaired mucociliary clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can early URT damage be fixed?

A

Yes, resp epithelium will repair if basement membrane is intact
(if damaged –> scarring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chronic URT damage

A

If basement membrane lost: goblet cell hyperplasia, fibrosis

If basement membrane intact: squamous metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reptile with URT squamous metaplasia

A

hypervitaminosis A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Defense at level of alveoli

A
  • no cilia or goblet cells
  • fluid covering alveoli
  • resident alveolar macrophages (80-90% of immune cell pop in alveolus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what antimicrobial agents are in fluid that covers airways?

A

transferrin (iron sequestration)
opsonins
surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Common bacteria that cause respiratory disease

A

Mycobacterium bovis
Listeria
Rhodococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most predominant response of bronchiole mucosa to chronic injury

A

epithelial hyperplasia (cuboidal)
+/- development of polyps
+/- smooth m. hyperplasia
= increased resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pathogenesis for type II pneumocyte hyperplasia

A
  • type I alveolar cells highly vulnerable to damage
  • if damaged, necrosis then replaced by type II hyperplastic alveolar cells
  • increased, poor quality surfactant produced that forms hyaline membranes (block gas exchange)
  • damaged tissue may be replaced by fibrosis
    = impaired gas exchange, decreased compliance, congestion, edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Defense against blood borne pathogens

Dogs, rodents, humans

A

primarily Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages phagocytose pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Defense against blood borne pathogens

Cats, Rum, EQ, Pig

A

primarily pulmonary intravascular macrophages phagocytose pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Distribution pattern of bronchopneumonia

A
  • cranial (b/c URT cause)

- ventral (b/c gravity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Distribution pattern of interstitial or verminous pneumonia

A

dorsocaudal, diffuse patchy damage to alveolar septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acute pneumonia alveolar septal response

A

edema, leukocytes in interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chronic pneumonia alveolar septal response

A

squamous metaplasia, fibrosis, non-suppurative inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Distribution of embolic pneumonia

A

random multifocal distribution (hallmark)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Distribution of granulomatous pneumonia

A

random multifocal, but variably sized (mebe mineralized) firm nodules that are well circumscribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A
  • most common type in dom animals
  • often bacterial
  • hallmark: inflammation originates at bronchiolar-alveolar junction (bottleneck of alveolar clearance)
  • can be suppurative or fibrinous (more severe)
32
Q

What bacteria causes lobular bronchopneumonia

A

Pasteurella

33
Q

What bacteria causes lobar bronchopneumonia

A 
Mannheimia haemolitica (shipping fever)
lobar = more dispersed
34
Q

Bilateral, cranioventral (aka lobar), lobular pneumonia

Lungs are swollen, filled with exudate

A

suppurative pneumonia

chronic –> exudate resolves, lungs become atelctactic (collapsed), may have fibrosis or abcessation

35
Q

multiple coalescing lobules affected causing lobar pneumonia. hemorrhage, fibrin, necrosis, neutrophils present

A

fibrinous bronchopneumonia
usually peracute to acute
e.g. shipping fever
can be caused by aspiration

36
Q

bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
aka atypical interstitial penumonia
aka fog fever

A
  • non-infectious cause of interstitial pneumonia
  • Lush pasture high in L-tryptophan –> metabolized into a toxin that kills pneumocytes/emndothelium
  • acute edema, interstitial emphysema, dyspnea, mouth breathing and extended neck, but NO FEVER
37
Q

Chronic interstitial pneumonia

A

hallmark: alveolar fibrosis

grossly - lungs don’t collapse, see rib impressions on lung

38
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A

can be inhaled or enter hematogenously

different disease patterns

39
Q

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia

A

characteristics of both pneumonias

often viral

40
Q

Embolic pneumonia

A

septic emboli in lungs –> bacteria trapped in vessels –> infection spreads to interstitium = random multifocal lesions

41
Q

3 most common sources for embolic pneumonia

A

hepatic abcesses
infected jugular thrombosis
valvular endocarditis

42
Q

Granulomatous pneumonia

A

usually chronic disease
main differential = neoplasia
Causes: fungal, higher bacteria, foreign material, migrating parasite, FIP

43
Q

Process of lung edema

A

Accumulates in interstitium first (restricts inflation)
fills alveoli later (acute, obstructs ventilation)
= increased resps, deeper breaths, lung sounds (unless severe)

44
Q

Mechanisms that cause pulmonary edema

A

Increased left atrial pressure
Increased alveolar capillary permeability
lymphatic drainage obstruction

45
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse or incomplete expansion of alveoli

congenital (fail at birth) or acquired

46
Q

Acquired Atelectasis

A

Compression (if prolonged –> fibrosis)

Distal to Obstruction (fluid filled, then fluid leaves = collapse) –> lung torsion, bronchitis/iolitis

47
Q

Emphysema

A

rupture alveoli –> air trapped in interstitium
decreased ventilation
hypoxia, hypercapnia, expiratory dyspnea
RAO, acute bov edema and emphysema

48
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

increased pulmonary vascular resistance

usually secondary to other diseases (cardiac, lung, thromboembolism, hypervolemia)

49
Q

Pulmonary neoplasia

A
  • metastatic more common than primary pulmonary neoplasia

- resp clinical signs usually poor prognosis

50
Q

tumors that commonly metastasize to lungs in dogs

A

mammary tumor
melanoma
lymphoma

51
Q

tumors that commonly metastasize to lungs in cats

A

mammary tumor
thyroid carcinoma
vaccine site fibrosarcoma

52
Q

At what % is pneumonia lethal?

A

> 60% of lung affected

53
Q

Restrictive respiratory failure

A
  • intrapulmonary lesions in alveolar and interlobular septa OR extrapulmonary lesions = decreased compliance
  • rapid shallow respiration, hypoxia, hypocapnia
54
Q

Obstructive respiratory failure

A
  • edudative pneumonia, pulmonary edema, bronchitis/iolitis obstruct air movement
  • emphysema reduces compliance
    = hypoxia, hypercapnic, increased resp rate and sometimes depth
55
Q

RAO

A

horses
likely allergic
diffuse bronchiolitis
heave line, weight loss, resp issues

56
Q

cat that’s normal at rest, but coughing –> resp distress when stressed, cyanosis, varying lung sounds, anorexia weight loss +/- peripheral eosinophilia

A

feline asthma –> small airway obstruction

57
Q

sudden onset severe dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, +/- resp noise + diffuse alevolar wall damage with congestion, edema, hyaline membrane, epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema

A

ARDS (acute resp distress syndrome)
damage from soemthing else (e.g. trauma, drugs, pancreatitis, toxins) causes ARDS b/c macrophages go nuts releasing cytokines –> severe edema

58
Q

atrophic rhinitis in pigs caused by who?

A

P. multocida (toxin causes turbinate remodeling) + B. bronchiseptica

59
Q

Most rhinitis is caused by ___?

A

allergic disease

60
Q

Most common form of rhinitis/sinusitis in dogs, cats, horses

A

acute allergic rhinitis/sinusitis
serous discharge +/- mucous
IgE, eos, mast cells

61
Q

Acute viral rhinitis/sinusitis

A

sero-mucoid discharge

mild epithelial degeneration

62
Q

acute bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis

A

purulent to mucopurulent discharge

usually secondary to mucosal damage (e.g. viral, trauma, dental, dehorning)

63
Q

nasopharyngeal polyps in cats

A

form with otitis +/- vestibular
non-neoplastic, due to chronic inflammation & irritation
never really go away even after inflammation subsides

64
Q

Rednose

A

Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis, BHV-1

65
Q

Collie nose

A

Discoid lupus erythematosus

depigmented external nares, +/- feet due to separation/destruction of basement mem

66
Q

Sinonasal neoplasia in dogs

A
  • most common in dogs

- most are malignant - nasal carcinoma/adenocarcinoma

67
Q

sinonasal neoplasia in cat

A

squamous cell carcinoma

68
Q

sinonasal neoplasia in horses

A

squamous cell carcinoma

cysts or nasal polyps (non-neoplastic)

69
Q

sinonasal neoplasia in sheep

A

enzootic nasal carcinoma

70
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

A
  • stenotic nares, elongated soft palate
  • laryngeal edema (secondary to forceful resp)
  • severe upper airway obstructions
    snoring, dyspnea, cyanosis
71
Q

Calf diptheria

A
  • necrotic laryngitis (aka laryngeal necrobacillosis)

- fusobacterium necrophorum

72
Q

“Roaring” in horses

A

laryngeal hemiplegia
atrophy of dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid mm. on LEFT side (L recurrent laryngeal n. )
can occur in dogs too

73
Q

Palatoschisis (cleft palate) has what sequelae?

A

aspiration pneumonia

74
Q

What important things are in the guttural pouch?

A

Cr. nn. 7, 9-12
Internal carotid a.
cranial sympathetic trunk

75
Q

Guttural pouch diseases

A

tympany (fluid, gas distention)
empyema (strangles, purulent exudate)
mycosis (aspergillus necrotizing infection) - most common problem for guttural pouch, usually unilateral
get apistaxis, nerve damage - horner’s, laryngeal hemiplegia, dysphagia

76
Q

Kennel cough

A

Canine infectious trachea bronchitis
B. bronchiseptica +/- canine adenovirus, distemper virus, parainfluenza, others
non-productive honking cough - b/c no mucous

VM741 BOD 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions