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VM741 BOD 2 > Exam 1: Pulmonary > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

ventilation

gas exchange

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2
Q

What tissue type is the nasal mucosa

A

respiratory epithelium

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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3
Q

Where does tissue change from squamous –> transitional –> respiratory epithelium

A

nares

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4
Q

Diffusibility of CO2

A

20x more diffusible than oxygen

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5
Q

Aerogenous

A

most common route of entry into lungs

get cranioventral dz (bronchopneumonia)

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6
Q

Pathogens that utilize aerogenous entry

A 
bacteria
mycoplasma
viruses
toxic gasses
foreign particles
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7
Q

Hematogenous

A

common route of entry into lungs for septicemia and viremia

get diffuse, non-collapsing lung (interstitial pneumonia)

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8
Q

Pathogens that utillize hematogenous entry

A

viruses
bacteria
parasites

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9
Q

What do respiratory clinical signs indicate about level of disease?

A

not much

small affected area may cause severe signs, large affected area may have no/mild signs

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10
Q

Irritation of URT = what clinical sign?

A

sneezing

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11
Q

Irritation of trachea and/or bronchi = what clinical sign?

A

coughing

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12
Q

3 causes of mucociliary dysfunction

A
  1. congenital (dogs with immotile cilia syndrome)
  2. environmental (e.g. smoke, pollution)
  3. infectious (e.g. mycoplasma, bordatella, viral)
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13
Q

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)

A

genetic defect makes ciliary movement defective –> reduced clearance –> predisposition to infection

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14
Q

Early URT damage

A

decreased cilia, increased goblet cells + inflammation –> hyperemia, edema, neutrophils = impaired mucociliary clearance

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15
Q

Can early URT damage be fixed?

A

Yes, resp epithelium will repair if basement membrane is intact
(if damaged –> scarring)

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16
Q

Chronic URT damage

A

If basement membrane lost: goblet cell hyperplasia, fibrosis

If basement membrane intact: squamous metaplasia

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17
Q

reptile with URT squamous metaplasia

A

hypervitaminosis A

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18
Q

Defense at level of alveoli

A
  • no cilia or goblet cells
  • fluid covering alveoli
  • resident alveolar macrophages (80-90% of immune cell pop in alveolus)
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19
Q

what antimicrobial agents are in fluid that covers airways?

A

transferrin (iron sequestration)
opsonins
surfactant

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20
Q

Common bacteria that cause respiratory disease

A

Mycobacterium bovis
Listeria
Rhodococcus

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21
Q

Most predominant response of bronchiole mucosa to chronic injury

A

epithelial hyperplasia (cuboidal)
+/- development of polyps
+/- smooth m. hyperplasia
= increased resistance

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22
Q

Pathogenesis for type II pneumocyte hyperplasia

A
  • type I alveolar cells highly vulnerable to damage
  • if damaged, necrosis then replaced by type II hyperplastic alveolar cells
  • increased, poor quality surfactant produced that forms hyaline membranes (block gas exchange)
  • damaged tissue may be replaced by fibrosis
    = impaired gas exchange, decreased compliance, congestion, edema
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23
Q

Defense against blood borne pathogens

Dogs, rodents, humans

A

primarily Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages phagocytose pathogens

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24
Q

Defense against blood borne pathogens

Cats, Rum, EQ, Pig

A

primarily pulmonary intravascular macrophages phagocytose pathogens

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25
Distribution pattern of bronchopneumonia
- cranial (b/c URT cause) | - ventral (b/c gravity)
26
Distribution pattern of interstitial or verminous pneumonia
dorsocaudal, diffuse patchy damage to alveolar septa
27
Acute pneumonia alveolar septal response
edema, leukocytes in interstitium
28
chronic pneumonia alveolar septal response
squamous metaplasia, fibrosis, non-suppurative inflammation
29
Distribution of embolic pneumonia
random multifocal distribution (hallmark)
30
Distribution of granulomatous pneumonia
random multifocal, but variably sized (mebe mineralized) firm nodules that are well circumscribed
31
Bronchopneumonia
- most common type in dom animals - often bacterial - hallmark: inflammation originates at bronchiolar-alveolar junction (bottleneck of alveolar clearance) - can be suppurative or fibrinous (more severe)
32
What bacteria causes lobular bronchopneumonia
Pasteurella
33
What bacteria causes lobar bronchopneumonia
``` Mannheimia haemolitica (shipping fever) lobar = more dispersed ```
34
Bilateral, cranioventral (aka lobar), lobular pneumonia | Lungs are swollen, filled with exudate
suppurative pneumonia | chronic --> exudate resolves, lungs become atelctactic (collapsed), may have fibrosis or abcessation
35
multiple coalescing lobules affected causing lobar pneumonia. hemorrhage, fibrin, necrosis, neutrophils present
fibrinous bronchopneumonia usually peracute to acute e.g. shipping fever can be caused by aspiration
36
bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema aka atypical interstitial penumonia aka fog fever
- non-infectious cause of interstitial pneumonia - Lush pasture high in L-tryptophan --> metabolized into a toxin that kills pneumocytes/emndothelium - acute edema, interstitial emphysema, dyspnea, mouth breathing and extended neck, but NO FEVER
37
Chronic interstitial pneumonia
hallmark: alveolar fibrosis | grossly - lungs don't collapse, see rib impressions on lung
38
Rhodococcus equi
can be inhaled or enter hematogenously | different disease patterns
39
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
characteristics of both pneumonias | often viral
40
Embolic pneumonia
septic emboli in lungs --> bacteria trapped in vessels --> infection spreads to interstitium = random multifocal lesions
41
3 most common sources for embolic pneumonia
hepatic abcesses infected jugular thrombosis valvular endocarditis
42
Granulomatous pneumonia
usually chronic disease main differential = neoplasia Causes: fungal, higher bacteria, foreign material, migrating parasite, FIP
43
Process of lung edema
Accumulates in interstitium first (restricts inflation) fills alveoli later (acute, obstructs ventilation) = increased resps, deeper breaths, lung sounds (unless severe)
44
Mechanisms that cause pulmonary edema
Increased left atrial pressure Increased alveolar capillary permeability lymphatic drainage obstruction
45
Atelectasis
collapse or incomplete expansion of alveoli | congenital (fail at birth) or acquired
46
Acquired Atelectasis
Compression (if prolonged --> fibrosis) | Distal to Obstruction (fluid filled, then fluid leaves = collapse) --> lung torsion, bronchitis/iolitis
47
Emphysema
rupture alveoli --> air trapped in interstitium decreased ventilation hypoxia, hypercapnia, expiratory dyspnea RAO, acute bov edema and emphysema
48
Pulmonary hypertension
increased pulmonary vascular resistance | usually secondary to other diseases (cardiac, lung, thromboembolism, hypervolemia)
49
Pulmonary neoplasia
- metastatic more common than primary pulmonary neoplasia | - resp clinical signs usually poor prognosis
50
tumors that commonly metastasize to lungs in dogs
mammary tumor melanoma lymphoma
51
tumors that commonly metastasize to lungs in cats
mammary tumor thyroid carcinoma vaccine site fibrosarcoma
52
At what % is pneumonia lethal?
>60% of lung affected
53
Restrictive respiratory failure
- intrapulmonary lesions in alveolar and interlobular septa OR extrapulmonary lesions = decreased compliance - rapid shallow respiration, hypoxia, hypocapnia
54
Obstructive respiratory failure
- edudative pneumonia, pulmonary edema, bronchitis/iolitis obstruct air movement - emphysema reduces compliance = hypoxia, hypercapnic, increased resp rate and sometimes depth
55
RAO
horses likely allergic diffuse bronchiolitis heave line, weight loss, resp issues
56
cat that's normal at rest, but coughing --> resp distress when stressed, cyanosis, varying lung sounds, anorexia weight loss +/- peripheral eosinophilia
feline asthma --> small airway obstruction
57
sudden onset severe dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, +/- resp noise + diffuse alevolar wall damage with congestion, edema, hyaline membrane, epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema
ARDS (acute resp distress syndrome) damage from soemthing else (e.g. trauma, drugs, pancreatitis, toxins) causes ARDS b/c macrophages go nuts releasing cytokines --> severe edema
58
atrophic rhinitis in pigs caused by who?
P. multocida (toxin causes turbinate remodeling) + B. bronchiseptica
59
Most rhinitis is caused by ___?
allergic disease
60
Most common form of rhinitis/sinusitis in dogs, cats, horses
acute allergic rhinitis/sinusitis serous discharge +/- mucous IgE, eos, mast cells
61
Acute viral rhinitis/sinusitis
sero-mucoid discharge | mild epithelial degeneration
62
acute bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis
purulent to mucopurulent discharge | usually secondary to mucosal damage (e.g. viral, trauma, dental, dehorning)
63
nasopharyngeal polyps in cats
form with otitis +/- vestibular non-neoplastic, due to chronic inflammation & irritation never really go away even after inflammation subsides
64
Rednose
Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis, BHV-1
65
Collie nose
Discoid lupus erythematosus | depigmented external nares, +/- feet due to separation/destruction of basement mem
66
Sinonasal neoplasia in dogs
- most common in dogs | - most are malignant - nasal carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
67
sinonasal neoplasia in cat
squamous cell carcinoma
68
sinonasal neoplasia in horses
squamous cell carcinoma | cysts or nasal polyps (non-neoplastic)
69
sinonasal neoplasia in sheep
enzootic nasal carcinoma
70
Brachycephalic airway syndrome
- stenotic nares, elongated soft palate - laryngeal edema (secondary to forceful resp) - severe upper airway obstructions snoring, dyspnea, cyanosis
71
Calf diptheria
- necrotic laryngitis (aka laryngeal necrobacillosis) | - fusobacterium necrophorum
72
"Roaring" in horses
laryngeal hemiplegia atrophy of dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid mm. on LEFT side (L recurrent laryngeal n. ) can occur in dogs too
73
Palatoschisis (cleft palate) has what sequelae?
aspiration pneumonia
74
What important things are in the guttural pouch?
Cr. nn. 7, 9-12 Internal carotid a. cranial sympathetic trunk
75
Guttural pouch diseases
tympany (fluid, gas distention) empyema (strangles, purulent exudate) mycosis (aspergillus necrotizing infection) - most common problem for guttural pouch, usually unilateral get apistaxis, nerve damage - horner's, laryngeal hemiplegia, dysphagia
76
Kennel cough
Canine infectious trachea bronchitis B. bronchiseptica +/- canine adenovirus, distemper virus, parainfluenza, others non-productive honking cough - b/c no mucous

VM741 BOD 2 (5 decks)

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