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VM741 BOD 2 > BOD exam 4 > Flashcards

BOD exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

acanthosis

A

hyperplasia of stratum spinosum

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2
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

hyperplasia of stratum corneum

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3
Q

melanocytes

A

stratum basale
makes melanin, puts into keratinocytes
melanin = photoprotection

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4
Q

langerhans cells (DC’s)

A

stratum basale, spinosum

trap and process Ag

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5
Q

sebaceous gland response to hormones

A

androgens increase activity

estrogen, glucocorticoids = atrophy, involution

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6
Q

3 phases of hair/follicle growth cycle

A

Anagen (growth)
Catagen (transition)
Telogen (resting/end)

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7
Q

lichenification

A

rough thickened epidermis/stratum corneum due to chronic scratching/irritation

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8
Q

Bacterial pyoderma

A

Staph, Dermatophilus (train track)

papules, pustules, epidermal collarettes
epidermatitis, folliculitis

Deep - also see nodules, draining tracts (related to furunculosis)

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9
Q

furunculosis

A

rupture of hair follicle resulting in release of contents into dermis & secondary foreign body rxn to keratin –> pyogranulomatous inflamm w/ keratin in center

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10
Q

What organisms cause bacterial pyoderma

A

Dog - S. pseudointermedius
EQ - S. aureus & intermedius
Pig - S. hyicus (Greasy pig dz)
Sheep, EQ, Rum - D. congolensis (rain rot)

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11
Q

Main differentials for vasculitis in pigs

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Salmonella septicemia
Porcine circovirus-2 (porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome)

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12
Q

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

A

Cutaneous fungal infection (zoonotic)
Alopecia, hyperkeratosis, crusting, papules
causes nodular pyogranulomatous inflamm

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13
Q

Demodex (mite) & Mange

A

folliculitis, perifolliculitis, furunculosis

Deep skin scraping (live in hair follicles) + pluck hairs

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14
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) & Scabies

A 
burrows into stratum corneum
Intensely pruritic (causes hypersens)
Superficial skin scraping, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis
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15
Q

organisms that cause folliculitis

A

Superficial and deep bacterial pyoderma
Dermatophytes
Demodex

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16
Q

Allergic dermatoses

A

Allergy, type I (IgE) or IV hypersens (T cell med/delayed)
Pruritic - mostly lesions secondary to self trauma
prone to secondary bacterial or malassezia infections
Histo - eosinophilic and mastocytic perivascular dermatitis & dermal edema

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17
Q

Flame figures on cytology

A

equine eosinophilic nodular dz
allergic dermatosis causing eosinophilic granulomas
single/multiple cutaneous papules/nodules on whithers, neck, back etc.

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18
Q

Pemphigus complex

A

immune mediated dz’s assoc’d w/ pustule and vesicle formation –> rupture & get secondary erosions, crusts, scales

Cause Acantholysis - Ab’s target desmosomes that adhere keratinocytes together –> loose cell to cell adhesion

Histo - see squared squamous epithelial cells & acantholytic keratinocytes

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19
Q

Pemphigus complex

A

immune mediated dz’s assoc’d w/ pustule and vesicle formation –> rupture & get secondary erosions, crusts, scales

Cause Acantholysis - Ab’s target desmosomes that adhere keratinocytes together –> loose cell to cell adhesion

Histo - see squared squamous epithelial cells & acantholytic keratinocytes (red cells in substratum corneum)

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20
Q

What do antibodies target in Phemphigus vulgaris?

A

Different desomosome protein expressed in suprabasilar keratinocytes

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21
Q

What do antibodies target in Phemphigus vulgaris?

A

Different desomosome protein expressed in suprabasilar keratinocytes (more severe)

22
Q

Characteristics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus

A

Ab’s against self Ag –> type III hypersens
Damage to epidermal basement mem –> bullae, vesicles, ulcers
Lesions exacerbated by UV light
On histo, see pigmentary incontinence secondary to basal cell damage (d/t non specific injury to melanocyte unit)

23
Q

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)

A
  • Common dog AI dz
  • Younger dogs 2-5 yrs old
  • Slow progression
  • Lesions usually restricted to face - See nasal planum depigmentation/loss of cobblestone, erythema, scaling,
  • Dorsal muzzle, lips, perioral, ears
  • Histo: lymphocytic interface dermatitis w/ pigmentary incontinence, basal layer vacuolation & apoptosis/necrosis
24
Q

Pigmentary incontinence

A

secondary to basal cell damage

non-specific injury to epidermal/melanocyte unit = leakage of pigment

25
Erythema Multiforme/toxic epidermis necrolysis
Type IV hypersens against keratinocyte-assoc'd Ags --> necrosis Most commonly induced by drugs (also chemicals, infectious agents, neoplasia)
26
EM vs. TEN
EM - erythema, erethematous macules, target-like lesions keratinocyte apoptosis TEN - more severe, lesions resemble thermal or chemical burns: coalescing macules --> bullae --> very concerning ulcerative lesions
27
Sebaceous adenitis
immune-mediated destruction of sebaceous glands Alopecia, scaling, dry/brittle hair Histo - granulomatous to pyrogranulomatous inflamm around sebaceous glands, epidermal/follicular hyperkeratosis Chonic - lack of sebaceous glands
28
Mechanisms that cause alopecia
- congenital - follicular dysplasia (e.g. black hair) & pigment alteration (e.g. color dilution) - alopecia areata - AI targets hair bulb - acquired hypotrichosis - endocrine alopecia - dermatomyositis
29
non-genetic hypotrichosis
Iodine deficiency in piglets, lambs, calves In utero infections: Calves (BVDV), piglets (classical swine fever) Can see secondary dermatophytosis from ringworm
30
dermatomyositis
- Idiopathic vasculitis of skin and mm --> ischemia of epidermis --> atrophy of hair follicles and mm - hypo/hyper pigmentation, crusty ulcerated alopecic regions Atrophy of mm of mastication
31
Endocrine alopecia
- hormonal imbalance | - See non-pruritic billaterally symmetrical alopecia, Remaining hair coat is dull dry
32
Endocrine alopecia on histo
- hair follicles will be in catagen or telogen phase w/ lack of hair shafts - epidermis is normal, atrophic, or hyperplastic
33
Causes of endocrine alopecia
Hypothyroidism Hyperadrenocorticism Hyperestrogenism Hyposomatoropism
34
Endocrine alopecia and hyperadrenocorticism
``` mostly dogs pendulous abdomen, truncal alopecia Histo - epidermal & follilcular atrophy Calcinosis cutis fragile skin in cats ```
35
Calcinosis cutis
Dystrophic mineralization = thick, crusted lesions Back of neck Histo – granulomatous reactions to mineralization Usually assoc’d w/ iatrogenic Cushing’s dz
36
What is required for melanin production
Tyrosinase (enz) & Copper (co-factor) | deficient - "steely wool"
37
Hypopigmentation
Inherited (Piebald, Albino, Vitilgo) Acquired: - AI (lupus, uveodermatologic syndrome, post-inflamm dz, truama) - decreased melanin synth (deficient in Tyrosinase or CI)
38
Hyperpigmentation (not the same as melanoma)
Increased proliferation of melanocytes Increased melanin synth (chronic inflamm, Cushing's) Lentigo - focal melanocyte hyperplasia
39
Vitamin A & Zinc deficiencies
- used for keratinization, epidermis maturation - deficient = hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, increased epidermal prolif - compromised barrier --> secondary bact infec - dietary or genetic
40
Acquired skin fragility syndrome in cats
defect in collagen production, quality, packaging Genetic Acquired - hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, hepatic dz
41
Lesions from short term actinic (solar) injury
Sunburn, erythema | Histo - necrosis, "sunburn" cells
42
Lesions from long term actinic (solar) injury
``` solar elastosis (degnerative changes in dermis - prominent elastic fibers) actinic keratosis (pre-neoplastic changes) Can --> to SCC in situ, or hemagioma/hemangiosarcoma ```
43
Type 1 photosensitization
primary photosensitization Ingestion of preformed photodynamic substances E.g. St. John’s wort, buckwheat, spring parsley, phenothiazine drug
44
Type 2 photosensitization
abnormal porphyrin metabolism
45
Type 3 photosensitization
impaired liver fx (most common) can't excrete phylloerythrin (from chlorophyll breakdown in GI) --> photoreactive, accumulates in skin
46
Lesions from photosensitization
- non pigmented skin or hair regions - erythema & edema --> blisters, necrosis, skin sloughing - coagulative necrosis of epidermis, hair follicles
47
Calcinosis circumscripta
- Focal area of dystrophic calcification forming tumor-like nodule – see mineralized material on cut section - Calcification deposition triggers granuloma to form around it usually over pressure points or at sites of previous trauma (E.g. at a bony prominence, foot pads, mouth)
48
Apocrine gland andenocarcinoma of the anal sac
- derived from epithelial adnexa (apocrine gland) - Malignant neoplasm that frequently metastasizes to iliac/sublumbar l/n's - can produce PTHrP, causing HHM - looks benign (clusters of uniform epithelial cells) but it's not
49
most common cutaneous tumor of dogs
Mast cell tumor (2nd in cats) Cyto usually diagnostic
50
melanoma/cytoma locations
haired skin - usually benign (melanocytoma) | mucocutaneous junctions, digits - commonly malignant (melanoma)
51
Types of cancer than can cause HHM (humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy)
- apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac - T cell lymphoma - Multiple myeloma - Carcinomas (sporadically)
52
Sarcoids
EQ, farm cats mesenchymal tumors that don't metastasize (but do reoccur) Caused by Bovine papilloma virus most common skin tumor of horse

VM741 BOD 2 (5 decks)

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