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VM741 BOD 2 > BOD exam 4 > Flashcards

BOD exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

acanthosis

A

hyperplasia of stratum spinosum

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2
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

hyperplasia of stratum corneum

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3
Q

melanocytes

A

stratum basale
makes melanin, puts into keratinocytes
melanin = photoprotection

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4
Q

langerhans cells (DC’s)

A

stratum basale, spinosum

trap and process Ag

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5
Q

sebaceous gland response to hormones

A

androgens increase activity

estrogen, glucocorticoids = atrophy, involution

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6
Q

3 phases of hair/follicle growth cycle

A

Anagen (growth)
Catagen (transition)
Telogen (resting/end)

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7
Q

lichenification

A

rough thickened epidermis/stratum corneum due to chronic scratching/irritation

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8
Q

Bacterial pyoderma

A

Staph, Dermatophilus (train track)

papules, pustules, epidermal collarettes
epidermatitis, folliculitis

Deep - also see nodules, draining tracts (related to furunculosis)

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9
Q

furunculosis

A

rupture of hair follicle resulting in release of contents into dermis & secondary foreign body rxn to keratin –> pyogranulomatous inflamm w/ keratin in center

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10
Q

What organisms cause bacterial pyoderma

A

Dog - S. pseudointermedius
EQ - S. aureus & intermedius
Pig - S. hyicus (Greasy pig dz)
Sheep, EQ, Rum - D. congolensis (rain rot)

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11
Q

Main differentials for vasculitis in pigs

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Salmonella septicemia
Porcine circovirus-2 (porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome)

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12
Q

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

A

Cutaneous fungal infection (zoonotic)
Alopecia, hyperkeratosis, crusting, papules
causes nodular pyogranulomatous inflamm

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13
Q

Demodex (mite) & Mange

A

folliculitis, perifolliculitis, furunculosis

Deep skin scraping (live in hair follicles) + pluck hairs

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14
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) & Scabies

A 
burrows into stratum corneum
Intensely pruritic (causes hypersens)
Superficial skin scraping, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis
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15
Q

organisms that cause folliculitis

A

Superficial and deep bacterial pyoderma
Dermatophytes
Demodex

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16
Q

Allergic dermatoses

A

Allergy, type I (IgE) or IV hypersens (T cell med/delayed)
Pruritic - mostly lesions secondary to self trauma
prone to secondary bacterial or malassezia infections
Histo - eosinophilic and mastocytic perivascular dermatitis & dermal edema

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17
Q

Flame figures on cytology

A

equine eosinophilic nodular dz
allergic dermatosis causing eosinophilic granulomas
single/multiple cutaneous papules/nodules on whithers, neck, back etc.

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18
Q

Pemphigus complex

A

immune mediated dz’s assoc’d w/ pustule and vesicle formation –> rupture & get secondary erosions, crusts, scales

Cause Acantholysis - Ab’s target desmosomes that adhere keratinocytes together –> loose cell to cell adhesion

Histo - see squared squamous epithelial cells & acantholytic keratinocytes

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19
Q

Pemphigus complex

A

immune mediated dz’s assoc’d w/ pustule and vesicle formation –> rupture & get secondary erosions, crusts, scales

Cause Acantholysis - Ab’s target desmosomes that adhere keratinocytes together –> loose cell to cell adhesion

Histo - see squared squamous epithelial cells & acantholytic keratinocytes (red cells in substratum corneum)

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20
Q

What do antibodies target in Phemphigus vulgaris?

A

Different desomosome protein expressed in suprabasilar keratinocytes

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21
Q

What do antibodies target in Phemphigus vulgaris?

A

Different desomosome protein expressed in suprabasilar keratinocytes (more severe)

22
Q

Characteristics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus

A

Ab’s against self Ag –> type III hypersens
Damage to epidermal basement mem –> bullae, vesicles, ulcers
Lesions exacerbated by UV light
On histo, see pigmentary incontinence secondary to basal cell damage (d/t non specific injury to melanocyte unit)

23
Q

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)

A
  • Common dog AI dz
  • Younger dogs 2-5 yrs old
  • Slow progression
  • Lesions usually restricted to face - See nasal planum depigmentation/loss of cobblestone, erythema, scaling,
  • Dorsal muzzle, lips, perioral, ears
  • Histo: lymphocytic interface dermatitis w/ pigmentary incontinence, basal layer vacuolation & apoptosis/necrosis
24
Q

Pigmentary incontinence

A

secondary to basal cell damage

non-specific injury to epidermal/melanocyte unit = leakage of pigment

25
Q

Erythema Multiforme/toxic epidermis necrolysis

A

Type IV hypersens against keratinocyte-assoc’d Ags –> necrosis

Most commonly induced by drugs
(also chemicals, infectious agents, neoplasia)

26
Q

EM vs. TEN

A

EM - erythema, erethematous macules, target-like lesions
keratinocyte apoptosis

TEN - more severe, lesions resemble thermal or chemical burns: coalescing macules –> bullae –> very concerning ulcerative lesions

27
Q

Sebaceous adenitis

A

immune-mediated destruction of sebaceous glands
Alopecia, scaling, dry/brittle hair
Histo - granulomatous to pyrogranulomatous inflamm around sebaceous glands, epidermal/follicular hyperkeratosis
Chonic - lack of sebaceous glands

28
Q

Mechanisms that cause alopecia

A
  • congenital
  • follicular dysplasia (e.g. black hair) & pigment alteration (e.g. color dilution)
  • alopecia areata - AI targets hair bulb
  • acquired hypotrichosis
  • endocrine alopecia
  • dermatomyositis
29
Q

non-genetic hypotrichosis

A

Iodine deficiency in piglets, lambs, calves
In utero infections: Calves (BVDV), piglets (classical swine fever)
Can see secondary dermatophytosis from ringworm

30
Q

dermatomyositis

A
  • Idiopathic vasculitis of skin and mm –> ischemia of epidermis –> atrophy of hair follicles and mm
  • hypo/hyper pigmentation, crusty ulcerated alopecic regions
    Atrophy of mm of mastication
31
Q

Endocrine alopecia

A
  • hormonal imbalance

- See non-pruritic billaterally symmetrical alopecia, Remaining hair coat is dull dry

32
Q

Endocrine alopecia on histo

A
  • hair follicles will be in catagen or telogen phase w/ lack of hair shafts
  • epidermis is normal, atrophic, or hyperplastic
33
Q

Causes of endocrine alopecia

A

Hypothyroidism
Hyperadrenocorticism
Hyperestrogenism
Hyposomatoropism

34
Q

Endocrine alopecia and hyperadrenocorticism

A 
mostly dogs
pendulous abdomen, truncal alopecia
Histo - epidermal & follilcular atrophy
Calcinosis cutis
fragile skin in cats
35
Q

Calcinosis cutis

A

Dystrophic mineralization = thick, crusted lesions
Back of neck
Histo – granulomatous reactions to mineralization
Usually assoc’d w/ iatrogenic Cushing’s dz

36
Q

What is required for melanin production

A

Tyrosinase (enz) & Copper (co-factor)

deficient - “steely wool”

37
Q

Hypopigmentation

A

Inherited (Piebald, Albino, Vitilgo)
Acquired:
- AI (lupus, uveodermatologic syndrome, post-inflamm dz, truama)
- decreased melanin synth (deficient in Tyrosinase or CI)

38
Q

Hyperpigmentation (not the same as melanoma)

A

Increased proliferation of melanocytes
Increased melanin synth (chronic inflamm, Cushing’s)
Lentigo - focal melanocyte hyperplasia

39
Q

Vitamin A & Zinc deficiencies

A
  • used for keratinization, epidermis maturation
  • deficient = hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, increased epidermal prolif
  • compromised barrier –> secondary bact infec
  • dietary or genetic
40
Q

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in cats

A

defect in collagen production, quality, packaging
Genetic
Acquired - hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, hepatic dz

41
Q

Lesions from short term actinic (solar) injury

A

Sunburn, erythema

Histo - necrosis, “sunburn” cells

42
Q

Lesions from long term actinic (solar) injury

A 
solar elastosis (degnerative changes in dermis - prominent elastic fibers)
actinic keratosis (pre-neoplastic changes)
Can --> to SCC in situ, or hemagioma/hemangiosarcoma
43
Q

Type 1 photosensitization

A

primary photosensitization
Ingestion of preformed photodynamic substances
E.g. St. John’s wort, buckwheat, spring parsley, phenothiazine drug

44
Q

Type 2 photosensitization

A

abnormal porphyrin metabolism

45
Q

Type 3 photosensitization

A

impaired liver fx (most common)

can’t excrete phylloerythrin (from chlorophyll breakdown in GI) –> photoreactive, accumulates in skin

46
Q

Lesions from photosensitization

A
  • non pigmented skin or hair regions
  • erythema & edema –> blisters, necrosis, skin sloughing
  • coagulative necrosis of epidermis, hair follicles
47
Q

Calcinosis circumscripta

A
  • Focal area of dystrophic calcification forming tumor-like nodule – see mineralized material on cut section
  • Calcification deposition triggers granuloma to form around it usually over pressure points or at sites of previous trauma
    (E.g. at a bony prominence, foot pads, mouth)
48
Q

Apocrine gland andenocarcinoma of the anal sac

A
  • derived from epithelial adnexa (apocrine gland)
  • Malignant neoplasm that frequently metastasizes to iliac/sublumbar l/n’s
  • can produce PTHrP, causing HHM
  • looks benign (clusters of uniform epithelial cells) but it’s not
49
Q

most common cutaneous tumor of dogs

A

Mast cell tumor
(2nd in cats)
Cyto usually diagnostic

50
Q

melanoma/cytoma locations

A

haired skin - usually benign (melanocytoma)

mucocutaneous junctions, digits - commonly malignant (melanoma)

51
Q

Types of cancer than can cause HHM (humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy)

A
  • apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac
  • T cell lymphoma
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Carcinomas (sporadically)
52
Q

Sarcoids

A

EQ, farm cats
mesenchymal tumors that don’t metastasize (but do reoccur)
Caused by Bovine papilloma virus
most common skin tumor of horse

VM741 BOD 2 (5 decks)

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