Exam 1 pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
A
  • DS= removing a molecule of water to create a larger molecule
    • Hydrolysis= adding a molecule of water to break apart a larger molecule
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2
Q
  • Describe the function and structure of ATP
A
  • Adenosine triphosphate- (nitrogenous base adenine = 5 C sugar ribose)= nucleoside + 3 phosphates
    • Stores energy, energy currency molecule
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3
Q

What happens when an enzyme is denatured? How does this affect enzyme function?

A
  • Cannot function because proteins jobs are dependent on their shape
  • Heat and extreme pH causes the breaking of hydrogen bonds and Van Der Waals forces and losing its shape
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4
Q
  • Compare saturated and unsaturated fats and explain how each would affect membrane fluidity
A
  • saturated= has maximum number of Hydrogen it can have
    • unsaturated= contains at least one C=C (carbon-carbon double bond)
    • unsaturated= more fluid, saturated= less fluid
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5
Q
  • Compare the terms: magnification, resolution, and contrast
A
  • magnification= ratio of object size to image size
    • resolution= clarity, the minimum distance that two objects can be distinguished and separate
    • contrast= the difference between the light and dark areas in the image
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6
Q
  • Plasma membrane drawing and difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
A

hydrophobic tails: water-fearing
hydrophilic heads: water-loving

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7
Q
  • Why are enzymes so specific as to the reactions they catalyze?
A
  • Substrate fits into active site
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8
Q
  • How does SA/VOL ratio affect cell size?
A
  • SA= amount of outer covering
  • VOL= how much space it takes up
    • Volume increases much more rapidly than surface area and cells cannot feed themselves adequately if they’re too large
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9
Q
  • What is the function of; ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and vacuoles
A
  • ribosomes= protein synthesis
    • lysosomes= suicide sac with hydrolytic enzymes to break large molecules into smaller ones
    • centrioles= organize microtubules that serve as the cellular skeletal system
    • mitochondria= generates ATP, cellular respiration
    • cytoskeleton= helps cells maintain shape and internal organization
    • vacuoles= holds food for later use or holds waste to get rid of
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10
Q
  • Compare desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions
A
  • Desmosomes: anchoring junctions, rivets that help adjacent cells connect to each other
    • Tight junctions: prevent leakage between cells, make things watertight
    • Gap junctions: cytoplasmic channels that connect one cell to the next created by membrane proteins
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11
Q
  • What is the fluid mosaic model?
A
  • Describing the plasma membrane as being fluid, mosaic of the different components of the plasma membrane
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12
Q
  • Compare simple and facilitated diffusion
A
  • Both with the concentration gradient, passive (no energy required)
    • Facilitated: requires a highly specific carrier protein, rate of diffusion is unchanged regardless of solute concentration (reaches a plateau) due to number of specialty carrier proteins
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13
Q
  • Define paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling
A
  • Paracrine: local, signaling between nearby cells
    • Synaptic: neurotransmitters moving between the space between nerve cells, specific to nerve cells
    • Endocrine: hormones, certain receptors in target cells
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14
Q
  • Draw hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic environments
A

*hypotonic: lower concentration of solute in environment
*hypertonic: higher concentration of solute in environment
*isotonic: equal concentration of solute inside and out of the cell

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15
Q
  • What is a phosphorylation cascade? How is it advantageous?
A
  • A phosphorylation cascade occurs when a signal molecule initiates a cascade where a kinase (transfer phosphate groups) transfers a phosphate to an enzyme that then transfers another phosphate etc.
    • Advantage: to magnify the single signal, activation of multiple enzymes with one signal for a larger cellular response
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16
Q
  • Describe how a GPCR (gene protein coupled receptor) works
A
  • On exterior of plasma membrane, does not dissolve. GTP not ATP, enzyme activation
17
Q
  • How does a H+ ion concentration change going from pH 6 to 4?
A
  • The H+ ion concentration is increasing (100x more H+ ions)
18
Q
  • How does high and low pH affect enzyme function? Why?
A
  • Low pH: not very active
    • High pH: not very active
    • Looks like a bell curve
    • H+ bonds break in extreme pH environments so they become denatured
19
Q
  • Give two specific examples of active transport
A
  • Proton pump (plants)- H+ ions
    • Sodium-potassium pump (animals) (LOH)
20
Q
  • List some unique properties of water. What do they all have in common?
A
  • High specific heat (amount of thermal energy a substance can absorb before changing temperature), H+ bonds absorb a lot more energy before breaking
    • Cohesive behavior (sticks to itself)
    • Adhesion (sticks to other molecules through H+ bonds)
    • Ice buoyancy (less dense due to max number of H+ bonds), max density of water is 4C
    • Heat of vaporization (how animals cool themselves)
    • Versatile solvent
    • All in common: H+ bonds and a polar molecule
21
Q
  • Compare alpha glucose and beta glucose
A
  • Alpha: below ring in 1st carbon, starch
    • Beta: above ring in 1st carbon, cellulose
22
Q
  • Compare kinases and phosphatases
A
  • Kinase: add phosphates
    • Phosphatase: remove phosphates
23
Q
  • Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions
A
  • DS: removing a molecule of water to join two molecules together
    • HR: adding a molecule of water to break apart two molecules
24
Q
  • Give an example of a channel protein
A
  • Aquaporen: pore created by proteins that allows water to pass through into the cell
25
Q
  • What is the sequence of steps when a GPCR is activated?
A
  • DNA->RNA->protein