exam 1 protein

Question 1

protein

Answer 1

Major structural component of all cells within the body that allows different biological components to retain their shape
Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
May contain phosphorous, sulfur, iodine, or iron

Question 2

amino acids

Answer 2

Building blocks of proteins
Create proteins when they are positioned in a particular order:
primary structure: the specific sequence of amino acids in each protein
polypeptide: 10 or more amino acids bonded together
proteins are large polypeptides

Question 3

nonessential (dispensable) amino acids

Answer 3

Body is able to synthesize

Not required in the diet

Question 4

essential (indispensable) amino acids

Answer 4

Body cannot synthesize

Must be provided through dietary sources

Question 5

conditionally essential (acquired indispensable) amino acids

Answer 5

Can usually be synthesized by the body
Become essential under certain physiological conditions
Ex: glutamine

Question 6

physiologic functions of proteins include

Answer 6

Tissue growth and maintenance
Synthesis of other proteins
Regulation of body processes and immune function
Provision of energy

Question 7

primary function of protein

Answer 7

Supplies material for growth and maintenance of body tissues
anabolism: the production of new cellular material
catabolism: the breaking down or destruction of body tissues
anabolism and catabolism: continuous and simultaneous
Trauma and burns

Question 8

dietary proteins

Answer 8

Provide about 1 gram of nitrogen for every 6.25 grams of protein consumed
When degraded, nitrogen is excreted through urine, feces, and sweat

Question 9

enzymes

Answer 9

proteins that exist in all cells of living things:
allow biochemical reactions to accelerate
necessary for digestion and metabolism
catalysts for many biochemical reactions

Question 10

proteins are necessary for manufacturing

Answer 10

enzymes

hormones

Question 11

thyroid hormones

Answer 11

regulate metabolic rate and cellular development

Question 12

insulin and glucagon

Answer 12

maintain stability of blood glucose concentrations

Question 13

proteins act as a _____

Answer 13

buffer

Question 14

buffer

Answer 14

compound that allows fluids and tissues to keep a constant PH

Question 15

oncotic pressure

Answer 15

the effect of proteins on fluid balance

Question 16

proteins and maintaining proper fluid balance

Answer 16

Proteins in blood vessels connecting arteries and veins pull fluid back into the capillaries.
This counteracts the pressure of the blood.
Component in cells used during an immune response
Edema – occurs when inadequate protein intake causes an accumulation of fluid in the tissue causing swelling

Question 17

Energy source during inadequate supply of energy from fats and carbohydrates:

Answer 17

body breaks down own muscle tissue for energy
results in depletion of lean body tissue
to prevent this, intake of all macronutrients is essential

Question 18

protein quality

Answer 18

The assessment of protein composition and digestibility

Question 19

digestibility depends on

Answer 19

1. Source of protein

2. Other foods with which it was consumed

Question 20

two main categories of proteins from food sources

Answer 20

complete (high-quality) proteins

incomplete (low-quality) proteins

Question 21

complete (high-quality) proteins

Answer 21

contain all amino acids in correct amounts needed by humans

sources include animal proteins and the plant protein soy

Question 22

Incomplete (low-quality) proteins:

Answer 22

contain insufficient amounts of one or more essential amino acids
generally derived from plant sources

Question 23

complementary proteins

Answer 23

Proteins from different sources that combine to form a complete protein

Question 24

Regarding connection between protein intake and satiety and satiation:

Answer 24

correlation between serum amino acid concentrations and fluctuations in appetite
dietary protein stimulates release of peptide hormones, affecting food intake
studies suggest protein is more satiating than carbohydrates and fats
increased energy required for protein metabolism results in increased total energy expenditure

Question 25

phenylketonuria disease (PKU)

Answer 25

An inborn error of Metabolism: Caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase Untreated, causes harmful accumulation of phenylalanine Results in nerve damage that causes mental retardation and other health problems

Question 26

dietary implications of PKU

Answer 26

food consumed must have very little phenylalanine high-protein foods must be limited special phenylalanine-free dietary supplements contain additional protein, micronutrients, and energy

Question 27

accelerated tissue breakdown induces

Answer 27

a negative nitrogen balance and loss of body mass

Question 28

conditions necessitating elevated protein intake

Answer 28

Trauma, sepsis, brain injury, cancer, patients undergoing certain types of dialysis Higher intake needed during recovery from severe burns

Question 29

conditions necessitating reduced protein intake

Answer 29

Certain types of kidney or liver failure that make the body unable to effectively metabolize proteins

Question 30

Insufficient intake of nitrogen-containing foods

Answer 30

protein malnutrition

Question 31

kwashiorkor

Answer 31

adequate energy intake, but insufficient protein intake usual occurrence: children in underdeveloped countries, after weaned from breast milk symptoms: edema, hair discoloration, altered skin pigmentation

Question 32

marasmus

Answer 32

inadequate consumption of energy, with compromised protein status

Question 33

protein malnutrition in persons with severe wasting diseases and the elderly population

Answer 33

abnormally dry or loose skin folds, altered pigmentation of the hair, severe loss of tissue from normal areas of fat deposits

Question 34

treatment of malnutrition

Answer 34

Identify cause and formulate interventions | Ensure adequate intake of protein and energy

Question 35

semivegetarians (flexitarians)

Answer 35

occasional meat

Question 36

lacto-ovo vegetarians

Answer 36

consume eggs and dairy products

Question 37

pescatarians

Answer 37

abstain from animal flesh with the exception of fish

Question 38

vegans

Answer 38

abstain from meat, dairy, eggs, and ingredients from animal sources

Question 39

nutritional benefits of vegetarian diets

Answer 39

Debatable- lower intake of saturated fat and cholesterol | higher intake of fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate, and antioxidants

Question 40

possible connection between vegetarian diets and

Answer 40

``` lower body mass indices decreased mortality from certain heart diseases lower blood cholesterol concentrations lower blood pressure levels decreased rates of certain diseases ```

Question 41

USDA tips for lacto-ovo vegetarians

Answer 41

substitute meats with legumes, nuts and seeds

Question 42

USDA tips for vegans

Answer 42

consume a variety of complementary proteins from plant sources add multivitamin and mineral supplements to ensure micronutrient needs are met