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BIO 335 Genetics > Exam 1 prep > Flashcards

Exam 1 prep Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a constituent of a cell’s proteome?

An enzyme
A cytoskeletal protein
A transport protei8n in the plasma membrane
An mRNA

A

An mRNA

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2
Q

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the information to produce a functional product. The functional product of most genes is…

A

a polypeptide

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3
Q

The function of the genetic code is to…

A

specify the amino acid within a polypeptide.

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4
Q

The direct result of the process of transcription is the synthesis of…

A

RNA

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5
Q

Is DNA a small molecule, macromolecule, or an organelle?

A

Macromolecule

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6
Q

Which types of macromolecules are found in chromosomes?

A

DNA, Proteins, and in some cases RNA

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7
Q

Where is the information to make a polypeptide stored?

A

DNA

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8
Q

Which butterfly has more active pigment-synthesizing enzyme, the dark or light colored one?

A

Dark

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9
Q

Why would two frogs of the same species have strikingly different coloration?

A

Genetic variation

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10
Q

Is down syndrome and cultivated varieties of wheat a variation in chromosome structure or variation in chromosome number?

A

Chromosome number

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11
Q

The leaf cells of a corn plant contain 20 chromosomes each. How many chromosomes are found in a gamete made by a corn plant?

A

10

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12
Q

According to the theory of evolution, why have these changes occurred in horse populations over the course of many generation

A

The horse population adapted to their environment which gradually changed over the course of many years.

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13
Q

At which of the following levels can gene expression be observed?

Molecular and cellular
organism level
Population level
All of the above

A

All of the above

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14
Q

Variation in the traits of organisms may be attributable to…

Gene mutation
Alterations in chromosome structure
Variation in chromosome number
All of the above

A

All of the above

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15
Q

A human skin cell has 46 chromosomes. A human gamete (egg or sperm cell) has…

A

23

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16
Q

Evolutionarily changes by natural selection results in species with…

A

greater reproductive success in their environment.

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17
Q

Can you think of an example of a model organism?

A

Rat, frog

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a model organism?

Mus Musculus (lab mouse)
Escherichia coli (bacterium)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)

A

Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)

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19
Q

A person studying the rate of transcription of a particular gene is working in the field of…

A

molecular genetics

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20
Q

The scientific method involves which of the following?

The collection of observations and the formulation of a hypothesis
Ecperimentation
Data analysis and interpretation
All of the above

A

All of the above

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21
Q

Which of the following terms have the same meaning?

Wild type and mutant
Wild type and normal
Wild type and abnormal
Mutant and normal

A

Wild type and normal

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22
Q

In genetics, normal and wild type refer to…

A

A characteristic that is common in a given species.

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23
Q

Definition: Genetics

A

A discipline in Biology that is focused on heredity and variation within and between organisms.

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24
Q

Definition: Gene

A

A segment of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a functional product.

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25
Q

What are functional products?

A

Polypeptide/protein
rRNA
tRNA
Other functional RNAs

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26
Q

What are the 4 important categories of macromolecules that make up living cells?

A

Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

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27
Q

Definition: Trait

A

Any characteristic that an organism displays.

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28
Q

Definition: Morphological traits

A

Traits that affect the appearance of an organism, form and structure of an organism.

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29
Q

Definition: Physiological traits

A

Traits that affect the ability of an organism to function.

30
Q

Definition: Behavioral traits

A

Traits that affect the way an organism responds to its environment.

31
Q

Definition: Alleles

A

Alternative version of a gene.

32
Q

Definition: Evolution

A

The process of changes in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next.

33
Q

Definition: Natural selection

A

The process where an allele becomes more prevalent in future generations of increased reproductive success.

34
Q

What are the three areas of genetics?

A

Transmission genetics
Molecular genetics
Population genetics

35
Q

Definition: Molecular Genetics

A

The study of DNA structure and function at the molecular level.

36
Q

In order for genetic material to be considered genetic material, what four criteria must be met.

A

Information necessary to construct an entire organism
Transmission from parent to offspring
Replication during transmission
Variation in phenotypes

37
Q

In the experiment of Avery, McLeod, and McCarthy, the addition of RNase or protease to a DNA extract…

A

allowed the conversion of type R bacteria into type S bacteria.

38
Q

What is the proper order for the structure of DNA?

A

Nucleotide, DNA strand, Double helix, Chromosome

39
Q

Which components of nucleotides are not found in DNA?

A

Ribose and Uracil

40
Q

Definition: Nucleoside

A

Structure in which a base is attached to a sugar but no phosphate is attached the the sugar.

41
Q

Which of the following could be the components of a single nucleotide found in DNA?

Deoxyribose, Adenine, and Thymine
Ribose, Phosphate, and Cytosine
Deoxyribose, Phosphate, and Thymine
Ribose, Phosphate, and Uracil

A

Deoxyribose, Phosphate, and Thymine

42
Q

A key difference between the nucleotides found in DNA and those in RNA is that…

A

Those in DNA have phosphate and RNA does not.
Those in DNA have thymine and those in RNA have Uracil

43
Q

Which components of nucleotides form the backbone of a DNA strand?

A

Deoxyribose and phosphate

44
Q

In DNA strand, a phosphate connects a 3’ carbon atom in one deoxyribose to…

A

a 5’ carbon atom in an adjacent deoxyribose.

45
Q

Evidence that lead to the discovery of the DNA double helix included…

The determination of structures using ball-and-stick model.
The X-ray diffraction data of Franklin.
The base composition data of Chargaff.
All of the above

A

All of the above

46
Q

Chargaff’s analysis of the base composition of DNA is consistent with base pairing between…

A

A and T, and G and C

47
Q

Describe the Major and Minor grooves.

A

The major and minor grooves are indentations in the outer surface of the DNA double helix where the bases make contact with water in the surroundings. The major groove is wider than the minor groove.

48
Q

What are the structural differences between B DNA and Z DNA?

A

B DNA is a right-handed helix and the backbone is helical, whereas Z DNA is a left-handed helix and the backbone appears to zigzag slightly. Z DNA has the bases tilted relative to the central axis, whereas they are perpendicular to that axis in B DNA. There are also minor differences in the number of base pairs per turn.

49
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of the DNA double helix?

It obeys the AT/GC rule
The DNA strands are antiparallel
The structure is stabilized by base stacking
All of the above are features of DNA double helix

A

All of the above are features of DNA double helix

50
Q

A groove in a DNA double helix refers to…

A

The indentations where the bases are in contact with the surrounding water.

51
Q

A key difference between B DNA and Z DNA is that…

A

B DNA is right-handed whereas Z DNA is left-handed

52
Q

Which of the following macromolecules make up chromosomes or may be closely associated with chromosomes?

DNA
Protein
RNA
A and B
A, B, and C

A

A, B, and C

53
Q

Avery, McLeod and McCarty performed experiments that provided evidence that DNA was the genetic material. In those experiments, which treatment resulted in R cells that were transformed to S cells.

Protease Treatment
RNase Treatmet
DNase treatment
A and B
A, B, and C

54
Q

T/F In the Hershey-Chase experiment the radio labeled protein was detected in the pellet

55
Q

Which of the following best describes a molecule that only contains deoxyribose and guanine?
Amino acids
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Nuclei Acid

A

Nucleoside

56
Q

A bacterial chromosome typically contains

A few thousand chromosomes
One origin of replication
Some repetitive sequences
All of the above

A

All of the above

57
Q

Mechanisms that make the bacteria chromosome more compatible include…

The formation of microdomains and macrodomains
DNA supercoiling
Crossing over
Both a and b

A

Both a and b

58
Q

Negative super coiling can enhance RNA transcription and DNA replication because it…

Allows the binding of proteins in the major groove.
Promotes DNA strand separation
Makes the DNA more compact
Causes all of the above

A

Promotes DNA strand separation

59
Q

DNA gyrase…

Promotes negative supercoiling
Relaxes positive supercoiling
Cuts DNA strands as part of its function
Does all of the above

A

Does all of the above

60
Q

What type of sequences constitutes most of a prokaryotic genome?

A

The sequences that comprise genes constitute most of a prokaryotic genome.

61
Q

Why is strand separation beneficial?

A

Strand separation is beneficial because it allows certain processes such as DNA replication and RNA transcription to proceed.

62
Q

What are some differences between the types of sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomes and those in prokaryotic chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes have centromeres and telomeres which prokaryotic chromosomes do not have. Also, eukaryotic chromosomes typically have many more repetitive sequences.

63
Q

The chromosomes of eukaryotes typically contain…

A few hundred to several thousand different genes
Multiple origins of replication
A centromere
Telomeres at their ends
All of the above

A

All of the above

64
Q

The kinetochore is attached to _____ and its function is to _____.

A

the centromere; promote chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis.

65
Q

Which of the following is/are moderately repetitive sequences?

Genes that code rRNA
Most protein-coding genes
Both a and b
None of the above

A

Genes that code rRNA

67
Q

How many origins of replication does a bacteria have.

68
Q

What can break a phosphodiester bond?

A

DNA gyrase and topoisonerase I

69
Q

What is involved in compaction of the bacterial chromosome?

A

Supper coiling
Looping
Nucleoid associated proteins

70
Q

What percentage of the human genome is made up of protein-coding regions of genes?

71
Q

T/F Following retrotransposition a retrotransposon will be found at its original site and its new target area.

BIO 335 Genetics (4 decks)

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