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Drug Delivery II > Exam 1 Polymers > Flashcards

Exam 1 Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

What are polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), povidone (PVP), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) used for?

A

Water soluble polymers used in tablet coating

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2
Q

Some water-soluble polymers as well as acacia, gelatin, and sodium alginate are used for what?

A

Binders in tabletting

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3
Q

Cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose pthalate, and copolymers of methacrylic acid and it’s esters are used for?

A

Enteric coating

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4
Q

Generally, polymers are used to ______ suspensions and opthalmic solutions, as protective _______ to stabilize emulsions and suspensions, and to form water-soluble jellies and ointment bases

A

thicken; colloids

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5
Q

What polymer has the widest range of application in pharmacy?

A

Gelatin

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6
Q

Linear polymer where backbone is a long chain of covalently bonded carbon, silicon, or sulfur atoms (same atoms)

A

Homochain polymer

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7
Q

Backbone contains more than one atom, which also includes purely inorganic polymers
***Side note: Polymers are usually organic

A

Heterochain polymer

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8
Q

A repeat unit, or mer, of a polymer

A

Monomer

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9
Q

The number (n) of repeat units per macromolecule is called?

A

Degree of polymerization

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10
Q

Process is started by a free radical formed by thermal decomposition of an initiator such as benzoyl peroxide

A

Addition or chain-reaction polymerization

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11
Q

Where does a free radical add to a vinyl monomer (compound with unpaired electron)?

A

Double bond

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12
Q

One monomer is involved and include many naturally occurring polymers such as cellulose and rubber

A

Homopolymers

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13
Q

______ are copolymers of different amino acids

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Two repeat units that join together following no sequence in a chain that are used to make containers for parenteral solutions (AAABBABABBBAAB)

A

Random copolymers

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15
Q

Polypropylene sulfone is an example where copolymerization of propylene and sulfur dioxide occurs (ABABABABABAB)

A

Alternating copolymers

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16
Q

Include surfactants and fecal softeners where there are long sequences of the same monomer

A

Block copolymers

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17
Q

Most linear and branched polymers are ______, which means they can be softened or melted by heat and dissolved in appropriate solvents

A

Thermoplastic

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18
Q

Esterification of two bifunctional monomers, ethylene glycol and terepthalic acid, produce a linear monomer. If small amounts of ethylene glycol are replaced by glycerin (trifunctional monomer), the resulting polymer would be considered ________. If ethylene glycol is partially or completely replaced by glycerin, a _________ structure is produced.

A

Branched polymer; crosslinked (network) structure

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19
Q

Polymer in a soft solid or viscous state, that irreversibly changes into an infusible, insoluble polymer network by curing

A

Thermosetting polymer

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20
Q

These polymers are formed when a free radical removes a hydrogen atom from an existing chain, and produces another free radical. Gamma rays can also cause free radicals to occur

A

Graft copolymers

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21
Q

Sodium polysterene sulfonate suspension is an example of a _______-______ resin. In the GI tract, the resin swells and fluid freely permeates the swollen grain, exchanging K+ ions with Na+ of the resin

A

Cation-exchange

22
Q

Cholesteryramine resin is an example of a _____-_____ resin, where it exchanges a Cl- ion with NO3- ions.

A

Anion-exchange

23
Q

Calcium salts are ____ soluble than sodium salts

A

Less soluble

24
Q

Test where absorbed weight of sodium bicarbonate solution is not less than 62g per g of resin

A

Absorbing power test

25
Q

We don’t have enzymes to break ______ glycosidic bonds. We are able to break ______ glycosidic bonds.

A

Can’t: beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Can: alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

26
Q

The number of hydroxyl groups per anydroglucose repeat unit that has been substituted. Pertains specifically to cellulose and starch derivatives

A

Degree of substitution

27
Q

Unit that releases one molecule of H2O when polymerized

A

Anhydrose

28
Q

DS values range from ___ - ____

A

0-3

29
Q

A DS value of 0 means ____ ______.

A DS value of 3 means _____ _______.

A

No interaction

Three substitutions

30
Q

DS is the ______ value over the entire sample

A

Average value

31
Q

Molar substitution is used whenver…..

A

Hydroxylated derivatives of cellulose are produced

32
Q

Molar substitution in hydroxyethlcellulose, for example, is the

A

Average number of ethylene oxide molecules that have reacted with one anydroglucose repeat unit

33
Q

MS is always _____ than DS

A

Greater

34
Q

Most ethoxylation occurs at the _____ hydroxyl group (2 ethylene oxide molecules on average)

A

Primary hydroxyl group

35
Q

True or false: MS can exceed 3

A

True

36
Q

Nature can’t tolerate randomization; therefore, small molecules and many biopolymers are ________

A

Monodisperse

37
Q

Molecules that have different chain lengths and weight, where an average molecular weight is used, are known as _______

A

Heterodisperse

38
Q

A sample of polystyrene made up of two monodisperse fractions have molecular of fraction A of 20,000 and fraction B of 100,000. Fraction A has in the sample, 3 times as many molecules as B. What is the number-average molecular weight? What is the weight-average molecular weight?

A

Number-average:

X(A) = nA / (nA + nB) so 3 / (3+1) = 0.750
X(B) then equals 1 - X(A) = 0.250

Mn = (0.750)(20,000) + (0.250)(100,000) = 40,000

Weight-average:

W(A) = 320,000 / (320,000 + 1100,000) = 0.375
W(B) = 1 - W(A) = 0.625
So
Molecular weight (Mw) = 0.37520,000 + 0.625*100,000
Mw = 70,000

39
Q

Xanthan gum is a carbohydrate that can be used as

A

A suspending agent

40
Q

Methycellulose is ______ soluble

Ethylcellulose is _______ soluble

A

Water-soluble

Alcohol-soluble

41
Q

What does the 3350 stand for in PEG 3350?

A

Molecular weight

42
Q

Microspheres have what effect on viscosity, and how does this affect the release of the compound?

A

Increases viscosity, causing extended release

43
Q

What are carbomers?

A

Polymers of acrylic acid

44
Q

True or False: In polyethylene glycols, the number indicates the molecular weight (PEG 1500), while in methylcellulose, the number indicates the viscosity of solution at certain concentrations (Methylcellulose 400)

A

True

45
Q

True or False: Number of repeat units per macromolecule is called degree of polymerization, while the number of hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose repeat unit that have been substituted is known as molar substitution.

A

False: the number of hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose repeat unit that have been substituted is know as DEGREE of substitution
Molar substitution involves hydroxylated derivatives of cellulose

46
Q

True or False: Poloxamer NF is an example of a block copolymer and sodium polystyrene sulfonate is an example of a crosslinked polymer

A

True

47
Q

True or False: Cellulose and starch are both glucose polymers; however, they differ from each other in the type of 1,4 glycosidic bonds that link the glucose residues

A

True

48
Q

True or False: In cellulose, the bond between the anhydroglucose units is a beta-1,4 glycosidic bond

A

True

49
Q

Which of the following statements are FALSE?

  1. Polycarbophil is a bulk laxative. It swells extensively in the stomach, and minimally in the intestine
  2. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a cation-exchange resin
  3. Degree of substitution in cellulose and starch derivatives do not exceed 3
  4. Human serum albumin is a monodisperse polymer
  5. The value of the molecular weight of a polymer is dependent on the method used in its calculation
A
  1. Polycarbophil is a bulk laxative that swells extensively in the INTESTINE and minimally in the STOMACH
50
Q

Which of the following statements are FALSE?

  1. Flexible bags of plasticized polyvinyl chloride are used to hold blood and intravenous solutions
  2. Polyethylene glycols are water-soluble based polymers
  3. Crosslinked polymers are thermosetting while most linear and branched polymers are thermoplastic
  4. Proteins are homopolymers
  5. Cholestyramine Resin USP binds sodium glycholate and other bile salts in the GI tract
A
  1. Proteins are COPOLYMERS of different amino acids
51
Q

True or False: Thermosetting polymers are insoluble and infusible while thermoplastic polymers can be softened or melted by heat

A

True

52
Q

True or False: Both methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium are anionic in aqueous solution

A

False? (I don’t think methylcellulose is anionic but not 100% sure)

Drug Delivery II (10 decks)

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