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SF4 > Exam 1 Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 1 Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Form Soluble Complexes with Free Iron

A

1) Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

2) Citric Acid

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2
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Network of enteric nervous system found throughout GI tract. Controls motility.

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3
Q

Inhibition of Gastrin Secretion

A

1) Somatostatin
2) Secretin
3) low pH

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4
Q

Monoglyceride Acylation Pathway

A

Triglyceride synthesized inside Enterocytes by:

1) 2-monoglyceride
2) CoA-activated Fatty Acids

Fatty-acid binding proteins then transport long-chain fatty acids to smooth ER for re-esterification

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5
Q

Primary Bile Acid

A

Synthesized directly in liver from cholesterol.

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6
Q

What does GRP stand for?

A

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

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7
Q

Gastrocolic Reflex

A

Urge to defecate shortly after starting meal. Triggered by the presence of food in the stomach.

Causes increased colonic motility.

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8
Q

Peptides Regulating CCK Release

A

1) CCK-Releasing Peptide (CCK-RP)

2) Monitor Peptide

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9
Q

Cause of retrograde movement from Rectum to Sigmoid Colon

A

Frequency of Segmental Contractions greater in Rectum than Sigmoid Colon

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10
Q

Cause: Secretory Diarrhea

A

Caused by bacterial infection in intestine (V. Cholerae or E. coli) or a tumor. Enterotoxins from E. coli activate gunaylin receptors in intestine.

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11
Q

Treatment for Hirschsprung’s Disease

A

Removal of the aganglionic segment

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12
Q

Function of Intrinsic Factor

A

Bind Vitamin B12 to prevent acid degradation and allow for absorption in the Ileum

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13
Q

Insoluble Form of Mucus

A

Secreted by Surface Mucus Cells as gel forming unstirred layer over mucosa. HCO3 gets trapped in this layer, keeping surface pH near neutral.

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14
Q

Site of Carbohydrate Digestion

A

Brush Border Membrane (Small Intestine)

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15
Q

Mechanism for Di/Tripeptide Uptake into Enterocytes

A
  • Faster than single amino acids.
  • H-Dependent Co-Transporter Peptide Transporter 1 (PEPT1).
  • Pairs with NHE (H/Na Exchanger) on same membrane
  • Peptides then hydrolyzed into amino acids by Cytoplasmic Peptidases
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16
Q

Trigger of Somatostatin Release

A

Acid in the lumen

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17
Q

Transport Protein for Uptake of Short-Chain Fatty Acids

A

SCFA/Na Cotransporter (SMCT1)

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18
Q

Lipid Malabsorption: Conditions Affecting/Decreasing Absorbing Cells

A

1) Tropical Sprue (flattening of villi from inflammation)

2) Gluten Enteropathy / Celiac Sprue

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19
Q

Usually conjugated with Bile Salts

A

Glycine or Taurine

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20
Q

Basolateral Membrane Transporter Bringing Chlorine into Crypt Cell

A

NKCC1 Cotransporter (2Cl-K-Na)

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21
Q

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Generated by Colonic Flora

A

1) Acetate
2) Propionate
3) Butyrate

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22
Q

Location of Enkephalin Secretion

A

Nerves in Mucosa and Smooth Muscle of GI tract

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23
Q

Location of Guanylin Secretion

A

Intestines

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24
Q

Function of Histamine

A

Increases Gastric Acid Secretion

1) Directly – Acting on Parietal Cells
2) Indirectly – Potentiating Gastrin and ACh

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25
Q

Dominant Na Absorption Mechanisms: Duodenum and Jejunum

A

1) Na-Glucose or Na-AminoA Co-Transport

2) Na-H Exchange

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26
Q

Secretion of GLP-1

A

Triggered by ingested nutrients (proteins and carbs). Biphasic release: early release (minutes), later release (about an hour)

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27
Q

Secretion of PYY

A

Secreted by L cells in Intestine, in proportion to caloric load.

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28
Q

What form of mucus is not present in the resting stomach?

A

Soluble Form

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29
Q

Enzyme Converting Trypsinogen to Trypsin

A

Enterokinase. secreted by brush border in small intestine

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30
Q

Result of Excess Iron: Pancreas

A

Diabetes

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31
Q

Transporter for Bile Acids: Enterocyte -> Portal Blood

A

Organic Solute Transporter (OST)

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32
Q

Location of Histamine Release

A

Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cells in Stomach

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33
Q

Triggers of CCK Secretion

A

(In small intestine)

1) Small peptides / amino acids
2) fatty acids
3) Monoglycerides

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34
Q

Cause of Gastric Ulcers

A

Breakdown of protective barrier of stomach by acid/pepsin.

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35
Q

Location of Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secretion

A

I Cells of Proximal Small Intestine

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36
Q

Suppositories

A

Dosage inserted into (in this case) rectum for local and systemic action

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37
Q

Action of Ghrelin

A

Stimulates NPY and AgRP neurons.

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38
Q

Most Easily Absorbed Form of Iron

A

Heme Iron

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39
Q

Fructose absorption mechanic

A

Can only be by facilitated diffusion

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40
Q

Location of Intrinsic Factor Release

A

Parietal Cells of Gastric Mucosa

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41
Q

Starches digested by Salivary/Pancreatic α-amylases

A

1) Amylopectin

2) Amylose

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42
Q

Receptive Relaxation

A

Vagaovagal reflex where proximal stomach relaxes to accommodate an ingested meal

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43
Q

Function of Guanylin

A

Binds to Guanylyl Cyclase to increase Cl- secretion and thus fluid secretion

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44
Q

Na Absorption Mechanisms in Enterocytes

A

1) Restricted Diffusion
2) Na-Glucose or Na-AminoA Co-Transport
3) Na-Cl Co-Transport
4) Na-H Exchange

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45
Q

Cells generating Slow Waves

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

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46
Q

Location of GRP Release

A

Nerves in Gastric Mucosa

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47
Q

Breakdown Products of Pancreatic Enzyme Hydrolysis of Lipids

A

1) Fatty Acids
2) Monoglycerides
3) Lysophospholipids
4) Cholesterol

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48
Q

Functions of Leptin

A

1) Increase metabolic and energy expenditure rate (Sympathetics)
2) Decrease energy storing (by decreasing insulin secretion)

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49
Q

Leptin Actions on Arcuate Nucleus

A

Represses:

1) NPY
2) AgRP

Stimulates:

1) α-MSH
2) CART

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50
Q

Mucous Neck Cells (Oxyntic Gland)

A

Secrete mucus and serve as Stem Cells.

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51
Q

Activate CFTR Channels

A

Increase in cAMP or Ca2+ levels

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52
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Interspersed with enterocytes in small intestine. Secrete mucus

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53
Q

Bile-Dependent Biliary Secretion

A

Bile salts/acids stimulate bile SECRETION and inhibit bile SYNTHESIS.

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54
Q

Nucleus Tractus Solitarus (Brainstem)

A

Reciprocal connections between hypothalamus and NTS. Has a high density of Y Receptors (Y1 and Y5). Satiety center is also present.

Responds to:

1) Peripheral circulating signals
2) Vagal afferents from GI Tract (inhibitory)

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55
Q

Intestinal Phase of Pancreatic Secretion

A

1) S Cells release Secretin in Duodenum. Triggered by Acid/Fat/Protein in Duodenum. Secretin increases Ductule Cell HCO3 secretion.
2) I Cells release CCK in Duodenum. Triggered by Fat/Protein/CRP/Monitor Peptide. CCK acts on Acinar Cells to increase enzyme secretion
3) Vagovagal Reflexes triggered by acid/fat/protein

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56
Q

Hypothalamic Nuclei in Appetite/Energy Expenditure Regulation

A

1) Lateral Nuclei
2) Ventromedial Nucleus
3) Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
4) Dorsomedial Nucleus (DVN)
5) Arcuate Nucleus (ARC)

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57
Q

Pancreatic Enzymes Catalyzed by Trypsin

A

1) Autocatalysis
2) Chymotrypsinogen -> Chymotrypsin
3) Proelastase -> Elastase

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58
Q

Functions of VIP

A

1) Relaxation of smooth muscle (main)

2) Stimulates Intestinal/Pancreatic Secretion

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59
Q

Haustra

A

Sac-like segments in the colon, present when empty. Appear during contraction of a segment and then disappear after.

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60
Q

Inhibitors of Motilin Release

A

Eating

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61
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Cleaves fatty acids from 1 and 3 positions of Triglycerides.

Produces:

1) two fatty acids
2) 2-monoglyceride

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62
Q

Brush Border Iron Importer

A

Ferrous Iron Transporter (DMT1)

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63
Q

Enzymes hydrolyzing oligosaccharides to glucose

A

1) Glucoseamylase
2) Isomaltase
3) Maltase

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64
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones

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65
Q

Phospholipase A2

A

Releases fatty acids from 2 position of Phospholipids

Produces:

1) Lysophospholipids
2) Free Fatty Acids

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66
Q

Enzyme Types Which Digest Proteins

A

1) Endopeptidases
2) Exopeptidases
3) Peptidases in Brush Border

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67
Q

Cephalic and Gastric Phases of Pancreatic Secretion

A

MOSTLY DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

1) Distended Stomach -> ACh (Vagovagal) -> Acinar and Ductule Cells
2) CCK-RP and Monitor Peptide (nerve input) released

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68
Q

Peristaltic Reflex

A

Contraction moving contents along in small intestine. Initiated by chyme in the intestine (distention or irritation).

Mediated by Enteric Nervous System

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69
Q

Functions of Gastrin Secretion

A

1) Stimulate HCl secretion by Parietal Cells

2) Stimulate growth of gastric mucosa and motility

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70
Q

Phases of Acid Secretion

A

1) Basal Secretion
2) Cephalic Phase
3) Gastric Phase
4) Intestinal Phase

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71
Q

Bind to Bile Acids inside Ileal Enterocyte

A

Ileal Bile Acid Binding Protein (IBABP)

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72
Q

Mechanism for Amino Acid Uptake into Enterocytes

A

Na+-Dependent Co-Transport. Separate ones for neutral, acidic, basic, and imino amino acids. Moves into blood via facilitates diffusion

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73
Q

Location of Motilin Secretion

A

M Cells in Stomach and Small Intestine

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74
Q

Enterocytes

A

Most common cell in small intestine.

Function:

1) Digestion
2) Absorption
3) Secretion

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75
Q

Pathways for Heme Iron Uptake into Enterocytes

A

1) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

2) Transporter Protein HCP1

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76
Q

Cystinuria

A

Defect in uptake of basic amino acids in gut and kidney.

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77
Q

Basal Secretion (Acid Secretion)

A

In absence of stimulation. Associated with Circadian Rhythm.

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78
Q

Main Components of Flatus

A

1) N2 (Swallowed Air)
2) H2 and CO2 (Bacterial fermentation of sugars; CO2 also from acid reactions in stomach)
3) Methane in 1/3 of adults (genetic)

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79
Q

Orexin (Hypocretin)

A

Released by Hypothalamus during deprivation. Promotes food intake

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80
Q

Symptoms: Acute Pancreatitis

A

Severe abdominal pain, swollen/tender abdomen, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever

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81
Q

Achalasia

A

Neuromuscular disorder of lower 2/3 esophagus, which has an absence of peristalsis and LES which fails to relax.

Causes food to accumulate in esophagus.

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82
Q

Gastric Lipase

A

Hydrolyzes Triglycerides into Diglycerides and Free Fatty Acids in the Stomach

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83
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

A

Accumulation of nonreabsorbable solutes in small intestine

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84
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Hydrolyze one amino acid at a time from the C Terminus. Secreted from pancreas as proenzymes and activated by Trypsin.

Examples: Carboxypeptidases A and B

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85
Q

Function of Motilin

A

Stimulate Migrating Myoelectric Complexes in the Stomach and Intestine

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86
Q

Production of Ghrelin

A

1) Increases with weight loss
2) Increases with stress and sleep deprivation
3) Decreases with weight gain and exercise
4) (increase following gastric bypass surgery)

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87
Q

Proopiomelaocortin (POMC) Neurons

A

Decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure. Release α-MSH and CART. Have Nicotinic ACh Receptors which enhance firing.

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88
Q

Fold of Kerckring

A

Longitudinal folds in the Small Intestine to increase surface area

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89
Q

Ileus

A

Loss/reduction of contractile activity in small intestines in absence of obstruction as a result of the irritation of the peritoneum.

Caused by:

1) Surgery
2) Acute/Systemic Illness
3) Electrolyte Imbalance
4) Tricyclic Antidepressants

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90
Q

Gastric Phase (Acid Secretion)

A

Initiated by entry of food into stomach (both pH and distention). Stopped by negative feedback of acid in stomach.

(more detail in notes)

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91
Q

Bilirubin

A

Principal pigment in bile. Metabolite of hemoglobin. Heme breakdown product, first forming biliverdin then becoming bilirubin. Insoluble in water.

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92
Q

More readily absorbed form of Free Iron

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

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93
Q

Gallbladder Modification of Liver Bile

A

Active Removal:

1) Na
2) Cl
3) HCO3

Osmotic Gradient Removal:
1) Water

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94
Q

Intestinal Phase (Acid Secretion)

A

Initiated by protein digestion products in the Duodenum. Proximal duodenum secretes gastrin.

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95
Q

Acid Secretion Mechanism: Acetylcholine

A

1) Binds Muscarinic Receptor on Parietal Cell
2) Activates Phospholipase C
3) Forms IP3
4) Ca2+ released as Second Messenger

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96
Q

CCK-Releasing Peptide (CCK-RP)

A

Peptide regulator of CCK release secreted by Paracrine Cells within Small Intestine epithelium

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97
Q

Transports Iron from Enterocyte to Plasma

A

Ferroportin

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98
Q

Production of Leptin

A

Adipocytes

1) Increased when amount of adipose tissue increases
2) Increased by Insulin
3) Inhibited by fasting and weight loss

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99
Q

H+ Levels in Duodenal Ulcers

A

Increased

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100
Q

Pathologies where VIP plays central role

A

1) Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumor

2) Pancreatic Cholera / Watery Diarrhea Syndrome

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101
Q

When do Migrating Myoelectric Complexes begin?

A

After two hours of fasting

102
Q

Location of Serotonin Release

A

Enteric Neurons and ECL Cells

103
Q

Triggers of GIP Release

A

(in small intestine)

1) Fatty acids
2) Glucose
3) Amino Acids (lesser extent)

104
Q

Lesion of Dorsomedial Nucleus

A

Depresses eating beahvior

105
Q

Precursor to GLP-1

A

Proglucagon

106
Q

Acid Secretion Mechanism: Histamine

A

1) Binds to H2 Receptor on Parietal Cell
2) Activates Adenylate Cyclase
3) cAMP second messenger

107
Q

Dominant Na Absorption Mechanism: Colon

A

Restricted Diffusion

108
Q

Core Contents of Chylomicrons

A

1) Triglycerides
2) Esterified Cholesterol
3) Fat-Soluble Vitamins

109
Q

Stimulants of Gastric Acid Secretion

A

1) Acetylcholine
2) Histamine
3) Gastrin

110
Q

Location of GI Sympathetics Synapse

A

Prevertebral Ganglia

111
Q

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)

A

Anorexigenic peptide produced by L Cells (Ileum and Colon).

112
Q

Dominant Na Absorption Mechanisms: Ileum

A

1) Na-Glucose or Na-AminoA Co-Transport
2) Na-Cl Co-Transport
3) Na-H Exchange

113
Q

Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)

A

Orixgenic released from ARC Neurons. Natural antagonist of MCR-3 and MCR-4. Excessive formation due to mutation associated with obesity.

Release inhibited by Insulin.

114
Q

Muscle forming Upper Esophageal Sphincter

A

Cricopharyngeal Muscle

115
Q

Most Common Causes of Jaundice

A

1) Hemolytic Anemia
2) Obstruction of Bile Duct
3) Liver cell damage

116
Q

Gastroparesis

A

Impaired or delayed gastric emptying. Most common cause is diabetes (neurodamage from glycosylated Vagal nerve proteins)

117
Q

Functions of CCK

A

1) Stimulate Gall Bladder Contraction
2) Stimulate Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion
3) Potentiate Pancreatic Bicarbonate Secretion (Stimulated by Secretin)
4) Inhibits gastric emptying

118
Q

Enzymes Cleaving Sucrose into Glucose and Fructose

A

Sucrase

119
Q

Ca2+ and cAMP actions in Parietal Cell

A

[Apical Membrane]

1) Increase Concentration of H/K-ATPases
2) Increased Concentration of Cl Channels

120
Q

Muscle forming Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A

No distinct muscle (just thickening)

121
Q

Destination for Chylomicrons after leaving Enterocyte

A

Enter Lacteals, central lymphatic vessels in the Villi, through gaps in lymphatic endothelial cells. Too large to enter capillaries so they enter bloodstream in the Thoracic Duct

122
Q

Rectospincteric Reflex

A

Relaxation of Internal Anal Sphincter after the Rectum contracts upon fecal matter being forced in. Involuntary

123
Q

Lipid Malabsorption: Absence of Bile Salts

A

1) Liver Disease (ex: Hepatitis)
2) Obstruction of Common Bile Ducts by Gallstones
3) Bacterial Overgrowth of Small Intestines (deconjugate)
4) Increased Duodenal Acidity (bile salts less soluble)

124
Q

Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase

A

Cleaves fatty acid from cholesterol esters.

Produces:

1) Free cholesterol
2) Fatty Acid

125
Q

Protein Plug

A

High protein in Pancreatic Juice creates plug in ducts. Can lead to liver damage, malabsorption, steatorrhea

126
Q

Mechanism of Action of GLP-1

A

1) Delays gastric emptying
2) Activates α-MSH and CART neurons
3) Inhibits AgRP and NPY Neurons

127
Q

Ventromedial Nucleus

A

Satiety center. Has MC3R Melanocortin Receptor

128
Q

Tehalose

A

Glucose Dimer

129
Q

Mechanism of Pancreatitis

A

Activated enzymes digest pancreatic tissue. Enzymes leak into blood, increases serum amylase/lipase levels.

130
Q

Surface Contents of Chylomicrons

A

1) Phospholipids
2) Apoprotein
3) Free Cholesterol

131
Q

Physiological Functions of Colonic Flora

A

1) Digest Carbohydrates
2) Form Secondary Bile Acids and Deconjugate Bile Acids
3) Generate Short-Chain Fatty Acids `(absorbed by colon)

132
Q

Soluble Form of Mucus

A

Secreted by Mucous Neck Cells after Vagal Stimulation. Mix with other secretions and lubricates chyme.

133
Q

Actions of CCK on Gallbladder

A

1) Major Stimulator of Contraction (direct action on smooth muscle and indirectly via Vagus and Intrinsic Nerves)
2) Relaxes Sphincter of Oddi

134
Q

Route for Na to follow Cl into intestinal lumen

A

Paracellular

135
Q

Mechanism: Secretory Diarrhea

A

1) Activation of Cl channels (V. cholerae toxin causes constitutive activation)
2) Na and Water follow
3) Na reabsorption by Ileal Enterocytes via Cl Cotransport inhibited

136
Q

Causes of Pancreatitis

A

Most Common: Alcoholism or Gallstones

Also: High triglycerides and smoking

137
Q

Inhibited by Somatostatin

A

1) Gastric Acid Secretion
2) Gastrin Release
3) Release of all GI hormones

138
Q

Enterocyte processing of Lysophospholipids

A

Combined with fatty acids to form phospholipid

139
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Removal of the gallbladder

140
Q

Barret’s Esophagus

A

Metaplasia from long-term exposure to acid

141
Q

Inflammatory / Infectious Diarrhea

A

Caused by infection by bacteria (salmonella, Campylobacter Clostridium difficile) or viruses (rotaviruses, norovirus)

Inflammatory and/or immune response kills intestinal cells.

142
Q

Types of Gallstones

A

1) Cholesterol Type (most common)

2) Pigment Type

143
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Chronic over-absorption of Iron. Hereditary form is a defect in the HFE gene, causing Hepcidin levels to drop.

144
Q

Cholestasis

A

Reduced or lack of bile flow. Can be caused by a defect in Hepatocyte BSEP pump.

145
Q

Cocaine-Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)

A

Released from POMC Neurons. Also binds to MCR Receptors. Mutations can cause obesity.

146
Q

Phases of Pancreatic Secretion

A

1) Basal (Insignificant)
2) Cephalic
3) Gastric
4) Intestinal (majority)

147
Q

Bile-Independent Biliary Secretion

A

Volume of water and electrolytes secreted. Secretin stimulates secretion of HCO3 and water.

148
Q

Gastroileal Reflex

A

Increased peristalsis in Ileum. Relaxation of Ileocecal sphincter so Ileal contents move into Large Intestine.

Triggered by gastric secretion and emptying

149
Q

Surface Mucus Cells (Oxyntic Gland)

A

Extend into the duct’s opening

150
Q

Triggers of Motilin Secretion

A

Just a cyclical release every 90 minutes

151
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

Orixgenic which binds to Y Receptors (for example in Nucleus Tractus Solitarus).

Released when energy stores are low from ARC Neurons.

152
Q

Inhibited by Enkephalin Release

A

Intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes

153
Q

Cell Types in Oxyntic Gland

A

1) Mucous Neck Cells
2) Surface Mucus Cells
3) Parietal Cells
4) Chief Cells
5) Endocrine Cells

154
Q

Crypt Cells

A

Stem cells in the Small Intestine (crypt base). Form both Enterocytes and Goblet Cells.

Secrete fluids and electrolytes.

155
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Hydrolyze interior peptide bonds.

1) Gastric Pepsin

Pancreatic Enzymes

1) Trypsin
2) Chymotrypsin
3) Elastase

156
Q

Ferritin

A

Cytosolic iron storage protein. Product of Iron + Apoferritin

157
Q

Function of PYY

A

Anorexigenic. Reduces gastric emptying and delays intestinal transit.

Increased levels in disease state. Fasting plasma concentrations reduced in obesity.

158
Q

What does GIP stand for?

A

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide

159
Q

Appetite/Energy Expenditure Regulating Neurons in ARC

A

1) Propiomelocortin (POMC) Neurons

2) Orexigenic-Producing Neurons

160
Q

Inhibitors of Gastric Emptying

A

1) Low pH
2) Presence of fat/protein digestion products
3) Non-Isotonic Solutions
4) Proximal Stomach Distention
5) Pressure in proximal Small Intestine

161
Q

Function of Enkephalins

A

Stimulate contraction of Smooth Muscle

Especially Lower Esophageal, Pyloric and Ileocecal Sphincters

162
Q

What does VIP stand for?

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

163
Q

H+ Levels in Gastric Ulcers

A

Reduced (acid leaks into gastric mucosa and is lost)

164
Q

Lipid Malabsorption: Failure to Digest Fat

A

Pancreatic enzymes either not secreted or inactivated by low pH

Ex: Pancreatitis, Pancreatic Carcinoma, Cystic Fibrosis

165
Q

Salivary Glands (Ordered by amount)

A

1) Submaxillary
2) Parotid
3) Sublingual

166
Q

Function of Centroacinar and Duct Cells

A

Secrete pancreatic juices with high bicarbonate concentration. Brings pH to optimal enzymatic range

167
Q

Ductule/Centroacinar Cell Modification of Pancreatic Secretion

A

1) Secrete HCO3
2) Na follows HCO3
3) Absorb Cl

168
Q

Trigger for GRP Release

A

Vagal Stimulation

169
Q

Late Phase of Dumping Syndrome

A

Hypoglycemia 1-3 hours later. Rise in insulin means you absorb glucose too quickly.

Sweating, weakness, dizziness

170
Q

Exception where both Parasympathetics and Sympathetics are Stimulatory

A

Both stimulate saliva secretion with ACh!

171
Q

Oxyntic Gland Mucosa

A

Located in Proximal Stomach (80% of secretion).

Secretes:

1) Acid
2) Pepsinogen
3) Intrinsic Factor
4) Mucus

172
Q

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A

Congenital megacolon, caused by an absence of Enteric innervation in a segment of the colon. Constriction and loss of coordinated movement of involved segment.

Contents accumulate proximal to constriction, leading to dilation. Severe constipation.

173
Q

Peptide Forms Proteins Can Be Absorbed As

A

1) Amino Acids
2) Dipeptides
3) Tripeptides

Larger ones can be absorbed poorly if at all

174
Q

Hepcidin

A

Regulates entry of iron into plasma by binding directly to Ferroportin. Causes internalization and degradation of Ferroportin.

175
Q

Early Phase of Dumping Syndrome

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

176
Q

Function of GIP

A

Stimulate insulin release from the Pancreas

177
Q

Bilirubin Glucoronide

A

Soluble salt. Product of Bilirubin conjugated by Glucoronic Acid in Liver.

178
Q

Reduce Ferric Iron to Ferrous Iron

A

1) Vitamin C
2) Citric Acid
3) Duodenal Cytochrome b (Dcytb) – Brush Border Enzyme

179
Q

Acid Secretion Mechanism: Gastrin

A

1) Binds to Gastrin/CCK-B receptors on Parietal Cell
2) Activates Phospholipase C
3) Forms IP3
4) Ca2+ released as Second Messenger

180
Q

Phosphatidic Acid Pathway

A

Enterocyte processing in starving state. Phosphatidic Acid formed from:

1) two Acyl CoA
2) α-Glycerophosphate

Phosphatidic Acid then reacts with one more Acyl-CoA. Forms:

1) Triglyceride
2) Phosphate

181
Q

Breakdown products from Amylopectin and Amylose by α-amylases

A

All oligosaccharides

1) Maltose
2) Maltotriose
3) α-limit dextrins

182
Q

Triggers of Gastrin Secretion

A

1) Peptides/amino acids in stomach
2) Distention of stomach
3) Vagal Stimulation (Mediated by GRP)

183
Q

Absorbs Glucose and Galactose into Enterocyte

A

Na-Dependent Active Transport System (SGLT-1)

Facilitated diffusion, then, into blood

184
Q

Intestinointestinal Reflex

A

Inhibition of contractile activity in more proximal portions of the small intestine to prevent movement of materials into severely distended sections.

Mediated by Extrinsic Nervous System

185
Q

Pyloric Gland Mucosa

A

Located in Distal Stomach.

Secretes:

1) Gastrin (mostly)
2) Some mucus and pepsinogen

186
Q

Location of Somatostatin Release

A

D Cells throughout GI tract

187
Q

Reabsorbed and Secreted in Striated Duct (Salivary Glands)

A

Reabsorbed:

1) Na
2) Cl

Secreted:

1) K
2) HCO3

188
Q

Location of Secretin Release

A

Secreted from S Cells of proximal Small Intestine

189
Q

Function of GRP

A

Stimulates Gastrin release

190
Q

Location of GIP Secretion

A

K Cells in proximal Small Intestine

191
Q

Function of GI Longitudinal Muscle

A

Change length

192
Q

Parietal Cells (Oxyntic Gland)

A

Secrete Acid and Intrinsic Factor

193
Q

Pathologies Which Lead to High Protein Concentration in Pancreatic Juice

A

1) Chronic Pancreatitis

2) Cystic Fibrosis

194
Q

Gastric emptying mainly controlled by signals from _____

A

Duodenum

195
Q

Functional Regions of Gastric Secretion

A

1) Oxyntic Gland Mucosa (80%)

2) Pyloric Gland Mucosa (20%)

196
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Anemia resulting from absence of Vit B12

197
Q

Major Causes of Lipid Malabsorption

A

1) Failure to Digest
2) Absence of Bile Salts
3) Condition Affects/Decreases Number of Absorbing Cells
4) Failure to Synthesize Apoproteins

198
Q

Cause of Pigment Gallstone

A

Bilirubin becomes unconjugated and precipitates with Calcium.

Calcium Bilirubinate

199
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

Overproduction of gastric acid due to gastrin-releasing Gastrinoma

200
Q

Relationship: Pressure in Proximal Stomach and Gastric Emptying

A

Inverse.

201
Q

α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH)

A

Melanocortin type released from POMC neurons. Binds to Paraventricular Nuclei Neurons (among other nuclei) to reduce eating. Activation of receptor mediate by Paraventricular Nucleus to Nucleus Tractus Solitarus pathway (stimulates sympathetics).

202
Q

Physiologically-Active Components of Gastric Juice

A

1) HCl
2) Pepsin
3) Mucus
4) Intrinsic Factor

203
Q

Result of Excess Iron: Liver

A

1) Cirrhosis

2) Liver Cancer

204
Q

Hepatocyte Bile Salt Secretion Pumps

A

1) ATPase-Dependent Bile Salt Export Pump (BESP)

2) MRP2 (lesser extent)

205
Q

Endocrine Cells (Oxyntic Gland)

A

Secrete products regulating gastric function

206
Q

Functions of Secretin

A

1) Stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion in Pancreas/Liver
2) Increases Liver Bile Production
3) Inhibits Gastric Acid Secretion

207
Q

Monitor Peptide

A

Peptide regulator of CCK release secreted by Pancreas

208
Q

Phases of Migrating Myoelectric Complexes

A

Phase I: Quiescent Phase
Phase 2: Small, irregular activity
Phase 3: Regular Activity

209
Q

Apical Membrane Transporter Secreting Cl into Lumen from Crypt Cell

A

CFTR Channel

210
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia

A

Lipid malabsorption due to inability to synthesize ApoB (component of Chylomicrons).

211
Q

Absorbed free cholesterol in Enterocytes

A

Significant portion re-esterified with fatty acids. Some left free. Both transported into Chylomicrons

212
Q

Lateral Nuclei (Hypothalamus)

A

Feeding center. Cause hyperphagia when stimulated

213
Q

Cell Types in Pancreas

A

1) Acinar Cells
2) Centroacinar Cells
3) Duct Cells

214
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

Sphincter from Common Bile Duct to Duodenum

215
Q

Location of Active Reabsorption of Bile Salts

A

Terminal Ileum

216
Q

Colipase

A

Prevents inhibition of pancreatic lipase by bile salts.

Non-enzymatic protein secreted as inactive by pancreas (trypsin activates).

217
Q

Ghrelin

A

Orexigenic hormone produced in Stomach and Proximal Small Intestines.

218
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

LES and Stomach move up through Esophageal Hiatus in Diaphragm

219
Q

Location of Bile Salt Conjugation

A

Liver

220
Q

Choleretics

A

Substances stimulating increased bile secretion

221
Q

Location of Gastrin Secretion

A

G Cells in Stomach

222
Q

Oxyntomodulin (OXM)

A

Anorexigenic proglucagon-derived peptide. Secreted from Distal intestine in proportion to ingested calories. Short-term action.

223
Q

Familial Iminoglycinuria

A

Defect in uptake of proline and hydroxyproline

224
Q

Fate of Flatus

A

All except Nitrogen can diffuse through intestinal mucosa to reduce volume.

225
Q

Breaks heme down to release free iron

A

Heme Oxygenase

226
Q

Lecitithins

A

Primary phospholipid in bile. Improves solubilizing-ability of micelles after itself being solubilized by bile salts.

227
Q

External Anal Spincter

A

Prevents defecation. Tonically-contracted

228
Q

Transports Ferric Iron in Blood

A

Plasma Transferrin

229
Q

Location of most water absorption in Large Intestine

A

Proximal colon

230
Q

Hepatocyte Transporter Extracting Bile Salts from Portal Blood

A

Sodium-Taurocholate Cotransporting Peptide (NTCP)

231
Q

Cephalic Phase (Acid Secretion)

A

Initiated by thought, sight, taste, or smell of food. Vagus nerve increases acid secretion by:

1) ACh stimulation of Parietal Cells
2) ACh-caused release of GRP

232
Q

Hartnup Disease

A

Defect in uptake of neutral amino acids

233
Q

Monosaccharides absorbed by intestine

A

1) Glucose
2) Galactose
3) Fructose

234
Q

Enzymatic Components of Pancreatic Secretion

A

Secreted in Active Forms:

1) Pancreatic Lipase
2) Pancreatic Amylase

Secreted in Inactive Forms:

1) Trypsin
2) Chymotrypsins

235
Q

Secreted by Acinar Cells

A

1) Peptidases
2) Lipases
3) Amylases

236
Q

Luminal-side Structure of Parietal Cells which enlarges when activated

A

Canliculus

237
Q

Stimulator of Pepsin Secretion

A

Vagal Stimulation

238
Q

Secondary Bile Acid

A

Converted by bacteria from Primary Bile Acids in the intestines.

239
Q

Dumping Syndrome

A

Lower end of the small intestine fills too quickly with undigested food. Common after stomach surgery

240
Q

Causes Ileocecal Sphincter to relax

A

Ileum distention

241
Q

Function of GI Circular Muscle

A

Change diameter

242
Q

Location of VIP Release

A

Nerves in Mucosa and Smooth Muscle of GI Tract

243
Q

Primary excretory pathway for cholesterol

A

Loss of bile salts in feces. Usually equal to dietary input.

244
Q

Brush Border Peptidases

A

“Finish the job” started by Endo/Exopeptidases. Breaks further down into oligopeptides and amino acids.

245
Q

Chief Cells (Oxyntic Gland)

A

Secrete Pepsinogen

246
Q

Functions of Serotonin

A

1) Stimulate Intestinal Fluid and Mucus Secretion

2) Stimulate Gut Motility

247
Q

Convert Ferrous Iron to Ferric Iron

A

1) Ferroportin

2) Ferroxidase Hephaestin

248
Q

Transporter for Active Reabsorption of Bile Salts

A

Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Salt Transporter (ASBT)

249
Q

Trigger of Secretin Release

A

Released in response to acid

250
Q

Submucosal Plexus

A

Network of enteric nervous system found in the intestines. Controls secretion

251
Q

Proteins in Saliva

A

1) α-amylase
2) Lingual Lipase
3) Mucin
4) Epidermal/Nerve Growth Factors

SF4 (5 decks)

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