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Gross Anatomy 1 > Exam 1 Part 2 Organelles & specilazations > Flashcards

Exam 1 Part 2 Organelles & specilazations Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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2
Q

Elaborate, tubular network which functions to store and transport calcium ions to the myofibrils

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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3
Q

Tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma which allow electrical impulses to enter the muscle fiber and make their way to the myofibrils

A

Transverse Tubules (T-system)

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4
Q
  • Red protein pigment which found in the sarcoplasm of the fiber
A

Myoglobin

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5
Q

Not only gives color to the muscle, but stores the needed oxygen that the fibers need to utilize for metabolism

A

Myoglobin

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6
Q

Has a greater affinity for oxygen that that of hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

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7
Q

_________ is the contractile apparatus of the muscle fiber

- Formed from longitudinally oriented bindles of thick and thin filaments known as_______

A

Myofibrils; Myofilaments

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8
Q

I-Bands

A

Light areas

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9
Q

A-bands

A

Dark areas

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10
Q

H-bands

A

Light areas in the middle of each dark band (A-band)

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11
Q

M-bands

A

Thin dark line down the middle of each H- band

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12
Q

Z-lines

A

Thin dark line in the middle of each I-band

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13
Q

Each myofibril is composed of numerous units known as _________, which is the smallest functional unit of the muscle and automatically runs from one Z-line to the next Z-line

A

Sarcomere

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14
Q

Main proteins of skeletal muscle, consisting of actin and myosin

A

Contractile proteins

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15
Q

Found mainly in the I-bands

A

Actin

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16
Q

Found mainly in the A-bands

A

Myosin

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17
Q

These two proteins have the ability to interact with one another to create movement (contraction)

A

Actin and Myosin

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18
Q

Act to inhibit the interaction of actin and myosin, preventing indiscriminate movement

A

Regulator proteins

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19
Q

2 most common regulatory proteins are:

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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20
Q

Troponin and tropromysin recognize _______ as the signal to allow actin and myosin to interact with one another

A

Calcium

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21
Q
  • Eliminates the inhibition caused by the regulatory proteins and thus allows muscle contractions to occur
A

Calcium

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22
Q

The nerve impulse from the transverse tubules stimulates the release of ______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

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23
Q

The binding of calcium with _______ changes the shape of the nearby ________ molecule (moving it aside) and exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule

A

Troponin; Tropomyosin

24
Q
  • Takes place in the mitochondria

- More efficient way to produce ATP in a muscle fiber

A

Aerobic pathway

25
Q

This pathway creates more energy than is needed for the production of ATP and the excess energy is released as heat and contributes to keeping the body at its most efficient temp.

A

Aerobic pathway

26
Q

This pathway prefers fatty acids to produce ATP

A

Aerobic pathway

27
Q

Fatty acids are stored in the body’s fat cells as _________ and released into the blood during exercise

A

Triglycerides

28
Q

anaerobic pathway depends on _______ _____ & _________ to produce ATP

A

Creatine phosphate & glycogen

29
Q

________ ______ is the first substance used by the anaerobic pathway and allows the muscle to contract at once, since there is always a small amount of this stored in the muscle fibers

A

Creatine phosphate

30
Q

The second substance used by the anaerobic pathway is _________, which produces ATP by the process known as _________.

A

Glycogen; glycolysis

31
Q

Glycogen is stored in either the ______ _____ or the _____ ____

A

Muscle fibers or the liver cells

32
Q

________ ______ provides the muscle with enough energy to get things going, while the more complex and efficient _________ pathway is gearing up

A

Anaerobic pathway; aerobic pathway

33
Q

Will last of the first few minutes and creatine phosphate and glycogen are the primary fuel sources. 20% of the total glycogen that is stored in a muscle may be utilized during this phase

A

Metabolic part of exercise: Phase I

34
Q

See a shift in metabolism to the more efficient aerobic metabolism and the use of fatty acids to produce ATP

A

Metabolic part of exercise: Phase 2

35
Q

Occurs as exercise intensifies, will see the muscle fibers going back to the anaerobic production of ATP and thus the utilization of the remaining stored glycogen. During this phase lactic acid can accumulate w/in the fibers

A

Metabolic part of exercise: Phase 3

36
Q

Dietary manipulation used to increase the storage of glycogen in muscle fibers

A

Carbohydrate loading

37
Q

Day one of carb loading:

A

Work to exhaustion to deplete the stored glycogen in muscles

38
Q

Day 2-4 of carb loading

A

Continue to exercise and eat a diet mainly high in fats & proteins (few carbs)

39
Q

Day 5-7 of carb loading

A

NO exercise & eat a diet high in carbs

40
Q

Side effects of carb loading

A
  • light headed
  • dizzy
  • mental acuity may suffer and judgment my be impaired
41
Q

Consuming 2 cups of coffee an hour or so before event may help an athlete burn _____ _____ more efficiently

A

Fatty acid

42
Q

Procedure to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells

A

Blood doping / Induced erythrocythemia

43
Q

Risks associated with blood doping

A
  • Rashes
  • Acute hemolysis
  • Transmission of viruses
  • Fluid overload which can lead to kidney damage & blood clotting
44
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the _______

A

Kidneys

45
Q

Travels to the bone marrow to produce red blood cells

A

EPO

46
Q

Synthetic form of the hormone was produced for patients with anemia

A

EPO

47
Q

When ___________ is used in individuals with normal red blood cell counts, the drug can thicken the blood

A

Erythropoietin

48
Q

Synthetic form of the male hormone testosterone, and were developed to try to separate the anabolic effect of the hormone from its androgenic effect

A

Anabolic steroids

49
Q

In its natural form testosterone is rapidly metabolized and cleared from the ____

A

Liver

50
Q

What are the different types of steroids (5 motioned in class)

A 
oil base
water based
patches/ gel 
stacking 
Pyramiding
51
Q

Usually injected and have fewer side effects, but are detectable for several months

A

Oil based

52
Q

Usually taken in pill form, but have more side effects, however cleared from the system with in 3-4 weeks

A

Water based

53
Q

Termed used when the user takes several forms of the drug

A

Stacking

54
Q

User starts with a low dose, then raises to a peak and then begins to taper down the amount

A

Pyramiding

55
Q

In adolescents who take the drug there is premature closing of the _____ _____ which leads to shortened stature as well as other problems

A

Growth plates

56
Q

Anabolic steroids work physiologically by:

A
  • Increasing secretions of growth hormones

- Activates protein synthesis and prevents protein breakdown

57
Q

Steroids can also be used to:

A
  • restore hormonal levels in males with low testosterone levels
  • Improve mood and alleviate depression

Gross Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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