Exam 1-Oct. 3 Flashcards
Goal
disciplined search for knowledge
Inductive Reasoning
Describe and order phenomena in systematic way
- Gather data
- Organize observations into generalizations
Deductive Reasoning
Hypothesis testing: (prediction)
Organic Evolution
change in gene frequency in population over time
Verifiable fact- changes are measurable
Macro-evolution (organic)
speciation events, long term, multigenerational (evolution/extinction
Micro-evolution (organic)
small-scale changes over a few generations
population
interbreeding group of individuals that are reproductively isolated from other interbreeding groups
Hardy-Weinburg model of Genetic Equilibrium
- Predicts population’s gene frequency at genetic equilibrium
- No evolution occurs at equilibrium
- Deviations=signs of evolution
Observable Evidence of Evoution
1) All life is related.
a) All pass genetic info. in form of DNA.
b) All build proteins from the same set of amino acids.
c) Shared chemical-detail genes (metabolic pathways)
2) Organisms for natural relationships
3) Species do not have clear boundaries.
4) Organisms display vestigial structures.
5) Fossils form natural relationships with living species.
6) Extinct species don’t reappear in later strata/
Anthropology
The entire scope of the human experience
culture
the strategy by which people adapt to natural and social environments
enculturation
the process by which we learn language and beliefs of communal society
adaptation
functional response to environment resulting from natural selection
Enlightenment
Philosophical movement in Europe, assumed knowable oder to natural world, emphasized value of reason
ethnographies
descriptive studies of human societies (comparisons), particularly Non-Western
urban anthropology
deals with cities, deals with relationships among ethnic groups, homelessness, health care, immigrant tradition
transcription
creating mRNA (the guy that transfers genetic information transcribed from DNA to a ribosome
translation
going from bases to amino acids
Mitosis
Start with__?
End with___?
-Start with 46 single stranded chromosomes. Through replication get 46 double stranded chrom.
Then the cell splits and seperates, which each strand compposed of one DNA molecule
-End up with 2 cells with 46 single stranded chromosomes.
Meiosis
- Start with 46 single stranded
- Replicate to 46 double stranded
- Crossing over- switching of genes
- Now have two cells with 23 double stranded chromosomes
- The two cells divide, resulting in four cells with 23 single stranded chromosomes.
Darwin
Alred Wallace
1809-1882
1823-1913
Natural selection
1) Variation in population is present.
2) In any naturally occurring pop, some variants survive better.
3) These variants have higher reprod. success
Gene flow
Exchange of genes between populations due to interbreeding= INCREASE in genetic variation WITHIN populations, but DECREASE in variation BETWEEN populations
(microevolution)
Genetic drift
- change in frequency of allele
- Due to random sampling (when some individuals leave behind more descendants than other)
- Affects change through random events
- Decreases variation within a population (When pop. is small)
Founder’s effect
Small group of ‘founders’ leaves parent group to form new colony. Everyone is descended from founders.
Cenozoic Era
- Neogene (23- 2.5 mya)
a) Holocene (11 kya- present) (homo genus)- farming starts
b) Pleistocene- Lucy (2 mya-11 kya)
c) Pliocene (5- 2 mya) (hominin- ape men)
d) Miocene (23-5 mya) (hominin) - Paleogene (monkeys) (66- 23 mya)
a) Oligocene (35-23 mya)
b) Eocene (56-34 mya)- identify primates
c) Paleocene (65-56 mya)
Mesozoic Era
- Dinosaurs
- Cretaceous (146-65 mya)- asteroid
- Jurassic (208-146 mya)
- Triassic (245-208 mya)- mammals first evolved (primates)
Primates
Appear in fossil record near end of Cretaceous Period (65 mya)
Early Eocene (Who emerged, what happened?)
- 50 mya
- Prosimians (lemurs/lorises) appear in fossil record of Asia, Europe, North America synchronously
- Emergence of perissodactyles and artiodactyles (animals with hooves)
- Warming event (at Paleocene/Eocene boundary)- may be possible by extension of tropical climates
Primates of Early Eocene
- Adapids: Allied with modern strepsirrhines (lemurs and lorises); wet noses
- Omomyids: Allied with modern haplorrhines (tarsiers and anthropoids-OW Monkeys and apes, including humans)
Stereoscopic vision
- Eyes face forward.
- Helps with moving around forest/prey capture
- Post-orbital bars- where cheek bone meets frontal bone/cup
Middle Ages
- Feudal, hierarchal society, Christianity
- Arab & Indian already developed planetary
- Greater awareness of biological diversity
- 1514 Copernicus discovered earth not center
John Ray
- Came up with concept of species (plants/animals mate individually)
- Coined ‘genus’
genus
species which share similarities
Carolus Linnaeus
-Binomial nomenclature-> taxonomy
Cuvier
- Introduced ‘extinction’
- Introduced ‘catastrophism’- destroy and restock
Malthus
-Came up with idea of population growth/competition for food and water
Lyell
- Responsible for uniformitarianism
- Emphasized enormity of geologic time depth
Uniformitarianism
Geological processes observed in present are same as past
Individuals
Don’t change genetically, populations do
Biological continuity
Organisms are related through common ancestry, some traits in species not present in others
regulatory proteins
- enter cell’s nucleus and attach to DNA
- make proteins to switch genes on and off
Sequence of DNA determines___.
the order of amino acids
homeobox genes
Type of regulatory genes which direct segmentation of embryonic changes= physical differences among species
autosomes
- Contain genetic info that governs all the physical characteristics except sex determination
- Occur in pairs
- Human somatic cells have 22 pairs- abnormal number is fatal
The Principle of Segregation
genes occur in pairs because chrom. occur in pairs
Locus
position on chromosome where given gene occurs
Polygenic inheritance
traits are discrete/discontinuous (phenotypic traits have distinct, defined categories)
Mitochondria
Converts energy derived from the breakdown of nutrients to a form cells can use
mitochondrial DNA
- DNA found in mitochondrion inherited only by mother’s eggs
- Subject to mutation