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Anthropology 100 > Cultural Anthropology > Flashcards

Cultural Anthropology Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

Learned and shared knowledge that people use to generate behavior and interpret experience

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2
Q

Explicit culture

A

Cultural knowledge that people can talk about and which they are aware
Ex: words for items
- interviews and observations are used

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2
Q

Ethnography

A

Process of discovering and describing a particular culture

-purpose is to understand another way of life from the native point of view

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3
Q

Tacit culture

A

Cultural knowledge that people lack words for and of which they are unawarec
Ex: phenomes
- Edward hall

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4
Q

Microcultures

A

Systems of cultural knowledge characteristic of subgroups within larger societies
-people in Microculture will share knowledge with everyone in greater society but have special knowledge known to subgroup
Ex: College fraternity

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5
Q

Detached observer

A

Social scientist who observe the human subjects of study, categorize what they see, and generate a theory to account for their findings

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6
Q

Informant

A

In ethnography, this is the person teaching the researcher about the culture

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7
Q

Respondent

A

Subject who answers investigator’s questions

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8
Q

Naïve realism

A

The belief that people everywhere see the world in the same way
Ex: ethnographer assumes beauty is the same for all people everywhere

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9
Q

Culture shock

A

State of anxiety that results from cross-cultural misunderstanding

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10
Q

Fieldwork

A

-The disciplined study what the world is like to people who have learned to see, hear, speak, think, and act in ways that are different

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11
Q

Cultural artifacts

A
  • The things people shape or make from natural resources

- Reveals valuable information about the society that made or used it

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13
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Seeks to explain human behavior in terms of how they interpret symbols, etc.

  • The meaning of things is derived from the social interaction one has
  • Human behavior is modified through the process depending on how they interpret symbols
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14
Q

cultural relativism

A

Each culture should be understood in its own terms

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15
Q

Archival sources

A
  • Diaries, photos, newspapers, indigenous texts
  • Oral histories, life histories
  • Previous scholarships
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16
Q

explicit

A

something taught to you that you are aware of learning

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17
Q

tacit

A

something unlearned or observed about the culture

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18
Q

ethnography

A

the narrative/description of the culture studied, creating fieldwork

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19
Q

participant observation

A

person partakes in culture and views it from the outside

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20
Q

emic

A

inside viewpoint from MY culture

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21
Q

etic

A

outside viewpoint from THEIR culture

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22
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

attempts to use concepts and techniques in cultural anthropology to promote positive change

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23
Q

language

A

the shared knowledge of sources, meanings, and rules that allow people to convey extremely precise messages

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24
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

the idea that language influences one’s world views

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25
Q

symbol

A
  • stands for/represents something else
  • object, word, or action with culturally defined meaning
  • shape feelings, thoughts, actions
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26
Q

Types of Symbols

A

1) Summarizing v. Elaborating (summarize-flags)
2) Resistance vs. Domination (burning flag in Korea)
3) Key symbols

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27
Q

Properties of Symbols

A
  • Condense Meaning: the way in which symbols unify a diversity of meanings
  • Multi-Vocal: same symbol can be understood by different people in different ways
  • Ambiguous: no single meaning, complexity and uncertainty are a source of strength
  • Meconnaissance: open to misrecognition, people may ignore meanings and reassign new ones
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28
Q

Ritual

A

A social practice composed of order of symbols

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29
Q

Types of Rituals

A

1) Life Cycle/Rites of Passage (puberty)
2) Calendrical
3) Situational/Life Crisis (misfortune in village)

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30
Q

Structure of Rituals

A

1) Separation: from everyday life into ritual phase
2) Transitional
a) Liminality
b) Communitas
3) Reaggregation

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31
Q

liminality

A

the ambiguity/disorientation in the middle stage of rituals when they have gone thru first stage but not done yet

32
Q

communitas

A

(rituals) bonding with strangers

33
Q

race

A
  • the way we categorize people based on appearance, skin color
  • has no biological component (social construction)
34
Q

ethnicity

A
  • categorization based on cultural background, heritage

- tied to geographic origin

35
Q

cultural heritage

A
  • how you describe your background

- doesn’t change from place to place

36
Q

gender

A
  • performance of self via male or female actions
  • social construction
  • about conforming to norms
  • fluid, exists on continuum
37
Q

kinship

A
  • The complex system of social relationships based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity)
  • Has varying and changing relations with religious beliefs, economics, and politics
  • Shapes how we define ‘family’
38
Q

economics

A

study of production, distribution, and consumption

39
Q

consumption

A

dominant pattern in a culture of using goods or resources in order to satisfy needs or desires

40
Q

fetishism

A
  • belief that godly powers can appear in inanimate things

- charms and material objects believed to protect the owner

41
Q

commodity fetishism

A
  • Refers to:
    a) How commodity can hide social relations of producer and consumer
    b) How commodity can be imbued with meanings beyond its use value
42
Q

religion

A
  • Set of rituals, rationalized by a myth, which mobilizes supernatural powers for the purpose of achieving or preventing transformations of state in man or nature
  • Used to cope with the ultimate problems of existence
  • Belief is complicated by cultural variation and lack of clear distinction between natural and supernatural
  • Refers to both personal practices, group rituals, and communication stemming from shared convictions
43
Q

Use value and exchange value are imbued with _________.

A

cultural meaning

44
Q

kinship

A

system of relating to people

45
Q

matrilineal descent

A

a rule of descent relating a person to a group of consanguine kin on basis of descent through females only

46
Q

patrilineal descent

A

a rule of descent relating consanguine kin on basis of descent through males only

47
Q

affine

A

someone you are related to through marriage

48
Q

patrilocality

A

when a woman stays with her husband’s family after marriage

49
Q

matrilocality/ uxorilocality

A

staying at wife’s family’s house after marriage

50
Q

polygamy

A

more than 2 people involved in a marriage

51
Q

polygyny

A

multiple females and one male in a marriage

52
Q

polyandry

A

multiple males and one female in a marriage

53
Q

magic

A

when you attempt to control something that cannot be controlled
ex) rituals, taboos, fetishes, good luck charms

54
Q

The Kula

A

network of exchange that reduces conflict and solidifies kinship networks
-takes place in Papua New Guinea

55
Q

cultural ecology

A

how people are adapting their culture to account for the environment

56
Q

authenticity

A

the mimicking of something which is supposed to put you in a different state of mind

57
Q

tribal zone

A

area surrounding urban city

58
Q

ethnocentrism

A
  • Viewing different cultures from a biased view of your own

- The belief and feeling that one’s own culture is best

59
Q

Slash-and-burn agriculture

A

a form of horticulture in which land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow and return to its wild state

60
Q

redistribution

A

the transfer of goods and services between a group of people a a central collecting service based on role obligation
Ex. U.S. income tax

61
Q

reciprocal exchange

A

the transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on their role obligations
-A form of non-market exchange

62
Q

inequality

A

a human relationship marked by differences in power, authority, prestige, and access to valued goods and services, and by the payment of deference

63
Q

subsistence economies

A

economies that are local and that depend on non-market mechanisms, reciprocity, and redistribution to motivate production and exchagne

64
Q

subsistence strategies

A

strategies used by groups of people to exploit their environment for material necessities
Ex. hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, industrialism

65
Q

bilateral descent

A

a rule of descent relating someone to a group of consanguine kin through both males and females

66
Q

commodity

A

goods subject to market exchange

67
Q

commodity chain

A

the network of economic links which integrate labor processes from different nations involved in global sourcing and global marketing of products

68
Q

bride price

A
  • things of high value given by a groom to his bride’s father
  • compensation to bride’s family for loss of her economic services
  • popular in patrilineal societies
69
Q

taboo

A
  • things you shouldn’t do

- usually grow out of poor performances

70
Q

fictive kinship

A

-A socially recognized link between individuals, created as serving as a means to an end in dealing with special circumstances
-Based on friendships and other relationships instead of marriage and descent
Ex. Godmother

71
Q

historical particularism

A

claims that each society has its own unique historical development and must be understood based on historical process

72
Q

culture stress

A
  • stress that occurs when you change to a different way of living in a new culture
  • adjustment state
  • occurs over long period of time
73
Q

prestige

A

esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary

74
Q

structuralism

A

where cultures are viewed as systems and analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements

75
Q

globalization

A

-encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly and mutually dependent
-the progressive emergence of a single worldwide economic system and the simultaneous reduction in global cultural and political differences.
resulting in merging of previously separate political entities and the growth in power and prestige of international institutions.
-Those who advocate globalism generally believe that ethnocentrism, nationalism, and tribalism are obstacles that must be overcome.

76
Q

resistance

A

-Some ethnography was concerned with resistance to oppression or inequality

77
Q

horticulture

A

nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time

Anthropology 100 (4 decks)

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