Archaeology (TB) Flashcards
0
Q
Archaeological record
A
Material remains of the past and their physical context
1
Q
Anthropological archaeology
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Using archaeology to understand the origins and diversity of modern humans
2
Q
artifacts
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Materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest tend to be made of stone or bone.
3
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Material culture
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Physical manifestations of human activities. For example, tools, art, and structures. Make up the majority of archaeological evidence
5
Q
Sites
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Locations of human activity, often associated with artifacts and features
6
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antiquarian
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- 14th to 19th century
- relating to an interest of objects and texts of the past
7
Q
stratigraphic
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relates to depositional levels/strata
8
Q
theory
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a statement that hasn’t been falsified, allow scientists to make predicts of unobserved phenomenon
9
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ethnocentrism
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viewing others’ cultures from a biased perspective of one’s own culture
10
Q
regional continuity model
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- Local populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their evolutionary development from Middle Pleistocene forms to modern human forms today
1) earliest H. sapiens originated in Africa
2) Gene flow happened during Pleistocene
11
Q
replacement model
A
-All Homo evolved in Africa and later dispersed to other parts of world
1) complete replacement: (not accurate) Modern-looking populations arose in Africa, migrated to replace populations in E. Asia.
BUT: Homo sapiens resulted from biological speciation event, couldn’t have interbred w/ non-African populations
ACCURATE MODEL:
-There was gene flow between h. Sapiens and other populations
12
Q
Klaises Mountain River
A
- 120,000-80,000 ya
- more modern human fossils found here
13
Q
Middle Awash
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-Ardipithecus and Australopithecus found here
-‘Herto’ (Ethiopia) remains
-radiometric dating ~160,000 to 154,000 ya
-‘Homo sapiens idaltu’ (large cranial vault, large brow ridge)
^extremely well-preserved
14
Q
Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian
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- 27,000 years ago
- Mongolian Ordos skull
15
Q
Tianyuan Cave
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- 40,000 years ago (radiocarbon dating)
- Indicate African origin of modern humans
- Evidence of interbreeding in China
- Best-dated early modern H. Sapiens from China
16
Q
Niah Cave
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- -45,000 years ago
- At Borneo
- Niah skull found is modern (some people from Indonesia may have been first to colonize Australia)
17
Q
Australia
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-inhabited 55,000 ya (at Sahul)
-Homo sapiens found at Lake Mungo
-30-25,000 ya (radiocarbon dating)
-But Kow Swamp fossils prove to look to antique
=Australians are descendants from single migration
18
Q
Central Europe
A
- 35,000
- fossils of H. sapiens found at Oase Cave, Romania
- Mladec: H. sapiens found from 31,000 ya
19
Q
Western Europe
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a) Cro-Magnon site (28,000 ya): rock-shelter at France
- associated with Aurignacian tool assembly
- Evidence between interbreeding with Neanderthals and modern humans
b) Abrigo de Lagar Velho, Portugal~24,500 ya
20
Q
Aurignacian tool assembly
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Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe from around 40,000 ya
-Blades made from cores and flakes
21
Q
Homo floresiensis
A
- How did they get to Flores?
- Liang Bua Cave, Flores Cave, Indonesia
- Natural selection favored small body size in isolated population, or disease?
- Tools dating back to 1 mya
- Resemble H. erectus
22
Q
Southwest Asia and Europe
A
~47,000 ya
- Earliest evidence of exploitation of birds and fish for hunting by Upper Paleolithic hunters
- Mid and Upper Paleolithic hunting: what’s seasonally available
23
Q
tundra
A
- Treeless plains
- Permafrost-> growth of grasses and mosses
- Lots of herbivorous animals
24
Q
Upper Paleolithic vs Middle Paleolithic
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Upper:
- Settlements larger and used longer
- Encampments of 25-50 people
- Burials include tools, ornaments-> indicative of status?
- Age of technological innovation: invented tools, used bone, ivory and antler (indirect percussion, pressure flaking, spear throwing)
- Found personal ornaments and clothing (to express status and gender roles)
- figurines
Middle:
-wooden spears
25
Places with Decorated Corpses
- Krems-Wachtberg, Austria (27,000 ya)- newborns covered in beads and ocher
- Sungir site near Moscow (24,000 ya)- corpses in beaded clothing, spears, ivory engravings, jewelry
26
The 5 Upper Paleolithic industries
1) Chatelperronian
2) Aurignacian
3) Gravettian
4) Solutrean
5) Magdalenian
- use blade technology in making stone tools
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indirect percussion
driving off blades and flakes from a core using a bone/antler to press off flake
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blade technology
-Tools are made up of blades struck from prepared cores
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burin
-Made by snapping off bits of blade to create sharp end
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pressure flaking
-Produces flakes by pressing bone against core (Solutrean)
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Upper Paleolithic Art
- 35,000-10,000 ya
- Found in Siberia, Africa, and Australia
- burin (blade) engraved bone
- Figurines (busty women)- fired clay (Dolni Vestonice)~26kya
- Animal Cave Art (Aurignacian~34kya)
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Upper Paleolithic Material Culture
- Clothing expressed the status of Upper Paleolithic huntergatherers, societal roles
- cave paintings of animals
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Upper Paleolithic Africa (findings at Pinnacle Point)
- Middle Paleolithic
- Projectile weaponry began here 100-50,000 ya to broaden human diet
- Evidence of complex cognition near Blombos Cave: used red ochre (~160,000 ya) for making ornaments, exploitation of shellfish (150,000 ya), bladelets (~71,000 ya), microliths, brown mussels
34
The Post-Ice Age World?
- Glaciers become small
- sea levels rise
- plant/animal communities migrate
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What are the two theories of how people entered into the New World?
1) Bering land bridge that connected Asia to NA (late Pleistocene)
2) Pacific Coastal Route
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Bering Land Bridge (Hypothesis)
- Sea level was lowered due to glaciers, so 1,300 miles available
- Beringia had dry grasslands, trees
- Steppes/tundras-supported grazing animals=food
- Rhino/mammoth ivory used as tools
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'ice-free corridor' hypothesis
-Laurentide and Cordilleran glaciers finally separate (13,000 years ago) for form ice-free corridor
-Explains entry of Clovis and earliest humans into America
(Clovis were not earliest in NA)
38
Pacific Coastal Route
-Climatic conditions favorable ~17,000 years ago
-People began moving along Pacific coast
-Forests had access to mammals, birds
-Evidence people could have used boats
Problems with the theory
a) We have little arch. evidence of marine-adapted human pops. along coast of Asia.
39
Meadowcroft Rock Shelter
- Near Pennsylvania
- 19,000-14,000 ya
- stone tools and remains of Clovis assemblage found (assemblage- 15-13,000 ya)
40
Cactus Hill
- Southern Virginia
| - stone cores, flakes found under Paleo-Indian layers
41
Monte Verde
- 14,500 years old
- Remnants of wooden foundations of rectangular huts, building of stone tools with animal bones
- Indicate plants had major subsistence role
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fluted point
- Paleo-Indians' projectile with bifacial point
| - used 13,300-12,800 years ago
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Paleo-Indians
- hunted megafauna, ate meat, fish, nuts, tuberous roots
- non-sedentary hunter-gatherers
- lived in Pleistocene
- Knives, scrapers, projectile points found along with bones
- isotopic analysis -> tooth wear
- responsible for the extinction of many animals
- Burial found of 18 year old
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Folsom
- New Paleo-Indian weapon
- fluted projectile points to hunt bison
- Great Plains: plano
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Younger Dryas
- 13,500 to 11,500 ya (Holocene)
- Cooling period
- Until 8-6 kya- warmer weather
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Changes after Younger Dryas (Late Pleistocene)
- Increased July temp. by 20 degrees
| - Great lakes form from glaciers
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Archaic Period (Old World)
- In Europe called 'Mesolith'
- In Asia called 'Epipaleolithic'
- There was a shift to hunting smaller animals
a) Wanted to eat more diverse food
b) Wood replaced bones
c) Fish caught in nets
48
foragers
- H.G.'s who move according to season and food availability
| - Moved a lot
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collectors
- H.G.'s who ate wide range of locally available plant/animal food
- sedentary
- Evidence of storage techniques
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Archaic Hunter Gatherers
- Exploited marine environment with spear thrower
| - Evidence of more sociopolitical organization, religious ceremonies, and economic interdependence near end of period
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Great Basin (W. North America)
- Between R. Mountains and Sierra Nevada
- Hunting weapons found
- Chumash people ate according to adjustments in coastal and terrestrial resources
- sedentary society
52
sedentary
-living in a single location for most of the year
53
Archaic Culture (E. North America)
- general warming period resulted in deciduous forests
- nuts and small mammals
- canoes
- had cemeteries and grave goods-sedentary society
- planned mound building
- People lived in kin-based coastal communities
- feasting
54
Starr Carr
- 10,500 years ago
- During Mesolithic Period in Northern Europe
- at England
- Foraging economy
- stone axes, spear points with microliths (small blades)
- Domesticated dogs
- floral/faunal evidence
- house construction
55
Argus Bank
- 8,000 ya
- Denmark
- European Mesolithic
- Fish, animal, nuts fruits main staples, shellfish (protein, kept people around)
- Underwater site
56
Epipaleolithic Period
- Warmer
- More permanent settlements
- H.G.'s relied on hunting and fishing (wild plants/wild animals)
57
Ohallo II
- 23,000 ya
- A Kebaran site: (consisted of late Pleistocene hunter gatherers of East Mediterranean) in Israel
- Near Sea of Calilee
- Circular huts with specific activity areas
- Several huts with grass bedding, hearths intact
- Wild cereals and seeds found by starch grain analysis
- Gazelles and deer
- Collector H.G.'s
- 90,000 plant remains
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transhumance
seasonal migration from one resource zone to another
| -Kebaran sites
59
The Natufian Culture
- 12-10,000 ya, Near East
- Sedentary H.G.'s, collectors of food
- diverse foods (cereal grasses, legumes, gazelles)
- Have found grinding stones and human cavities
- Hilazon Tachtit Cave, Israel
- Burial of Shaman (12 kya)
60
craft specialization
An economic system where some people don't engage in food production, but produce other goods and services
61
Neolithic Revolution
- 'New Stone Age'
- Establishment of farming in Europe, Africa, Asia
- Neolithic people become more sedentary
- Transition of H.G. to farmer
- Caused by intensive exploitation of wild resources
62
Food Production: Oases theory
-There was a severe drought at the end of the Pleistocene
-This led people to flee to oases
-This led to population pressure- fewer resources for large population
=more sedentary communities in Near East
63
horticulture
Farming method in which hand tools are used
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Binford's 'Packing Model'
- As the climate became decent, people inhabited Eurasia
- Their foraging lead to increased competition for resources and more varied diet
- Some resources proved to be more reliable/efficient, so they lived over there and thrived (in the marginal zones) and domesticated animals.
65
Braidwood's 'nuclear zone' hypothesis
- Claimed research didn't find evidence to support oasis theory. Plants/animals weren't around oases.
- People are drawn to naturally abundant areas
- Domes. and agric. happened 'when culture was ready'
- Culture allows for more complex societies
66
Hodder hypothesis
- Emergence of domes. and agric. were 'transformation of nature into culture'
- Social and natural pressures brought about change
67
rachis
connector linking seed to primary stalk
| -responsible for seed dispersal
68
cultigen
a plant that is entirely dependent on humans to grow, domesticate
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Domesticated animals in Asia, Europe, and Africa
sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, horses
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culture
- means of adaptation to environment
| - transfer of meaning to symbols
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Types of Sites
1) Temporary Occupations
2) Cave Sites
3) Middens (unintentional accumulation of garbage)
72
Hypotheses Testing
- If hypothesis is true, we expect to see process of deducing facts
- Hypotheses are never proven
- Keep only ones that can't be disproved
- Either supported or rejected by data
- Hypotheses supported over time become a theory
73
Goals of Archaeological Research
- Describe and reconstruct cultural history
- environment
- demography
- technology
- ideology
- economy
- subsistence
- economy
- trade
- organization
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Arch. Research Methods
1) Excavation
2) Survey
3) Lab techniques
75
Oldest H. Sapiens Found
- Omo, Ethiopia~195,000 ya
| - Herto, Ethiopia~165-154,000 ya (best preserved cranium/ homo sapiens idaltu
76
H. Sapiens in Near East
(Moving out of Africa)
- Skhul Cave, Mount Carme, Israel
- Qafzeh Cave, Israel~120-92,000 ya
77
Earliest H. Sapiens found with Mousterian-type tools
- Zhoukoudian, China~25kya
- Tianyuan Cave, China~40 kya
- Niah Cave, Borneo, Indonesia~45 kya
- Neanderthals 130-28,000 ya
78
Denisovans
- 50-30,000 ya
- Denisova Cave, Siberia
- DNA found from tooth/finger bone
- Genetic data points to new hominid species
79
Period associated with Becoming 'Behaviorally Modern Humans'
The 'Upper Paleolithic Revolution'
80
Middle Paleolithic
- 100-40,000 ya
- Primarily sites in Africa (Middle Stone Age)
- Sibudhu Cave, S. Africa
- Stone projectile points~64 kya
- Apollo II Rock Shelter, Nambia
a) Rock Art~28,000 ya
81
Qafzeh Cave
- Oldest intentional burial?
| - Found with ochre and stone tools
82
Upper Paleolithic
- Primarily sites in Europe and SW Asia
- 40-10,000 ya
- larger sites= longer use
- mammoth bone huts
83
Oldest Cave Art: Spain/France
```
Spain:
~40,000 ya
-was geometric
-handprints
France:
-Lascaux, France
```
84
Different Names for the Paleolithic Period
- Mesolithic: Europe
- Epipaleolithic
- Paleoindian
85
Natufian Settlement
-Ain Mallaha, Israel
86
Overland Route
- First peopling of Americas came here
- 'Ice-free corridor'
- The Last Glacial Maximum occurred 28-15 kya
- Beringia (Bering Strait) existed 25-11 kya
- Yana RHS (30 kya): tools, ivory, beads, mammoth bones found
87
Berelekh, Siberia
- 13,000 ya
- "Mammoth Graveyard" attracted ancient people
- Teardrop-shaped stone tools
88
Pre-Clovis Sites (Alternatives to Overland Hypothesis) aka Coastal Theory
- Coastal Route (17-15kya)
- Debra L. Friedken Site- Texas (15-13kya): artifacts such as stone tools found
- Cactus Hill, Virginia (18-15 kya)
- Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania (14-19 kya)- dated with lithics
- Paisley Cave, Oregon (14 kya)- human coprolites, "wester stemmed points"
- Schaefer and Hebior, Wisconsin (14.5 kya)
- Monte Verde, Chile (14.5 kya): stone tool, plant remains, fire pits, and seaweed found
89
Conflicts with Coastal Theory
- Many sites now underwater
- Little evidence of ancestral populations in NE Asia
- More archaeology required
90
Contributions from Genetics
- DNA taken from Siberian burial~24 kya (Malta Site)
- Genome contained:
- 1/3 of W. Eurasian pop. genes
- Ancestral E. Asian populations
- 1/4 shared w/ modern Native Americans
91
Clovis Baby
~12.5 kya
- Burial in Anzick, Montana
- 1/3 genome related to Siberan Burial
92
Skeleton Found from Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
~12 kya
- Related to modern Native Americans
- Descendent of the population from Beringia
93
Colby, Wyoming
- Mammoth kill site~13kya
| - Paleo-Indians in North America
94
Pedra Pintada Cave
- Brazil~12 kya
- Site of Paleo-Indians
- Seeds, fish, nuts, animal remains found
95
Olsen-Chubbuck, Colorado
~9-7kya with Paleo-Indians
| -Bison kill site~190
96
Names for Neolithic Revolution
- Formative/PreClassic: Mesoamerica
| - Archaic/Woodland, Mississippi (E. North America)
97
cultivar
-wild plant cared for by humans
98
Preconditions for Domestication of Animals
- Francis Galton-1865
- Hardy, resilient
- Enjoy people
- Like being locked in
- Breed freely
99
How Arch. Study Domestication (Plants)
1) Direct Evidence: plants
2) Macro remains/ macro fossils: starch grains
3) Seed size
4) How plant attaches to stem (select for tough rakus)
5) Phytoliths: non-organic silica structures formed in plant cells
100
How Archs. Study Domestication of Animals
1) Skeletal remains
2) Changes in teeth
3) Age of death
a) Catastrophic (living structures)
b) Attritional (war)
c) Prime- dominated (prime-aged adult gets killed for meat)
4) Agricultural tools: hoes, sickles, yokes, millstones/grinding stones
5) Storage facilities: pottery
6) Water buffalo footprints in Thailand
101
Abu Hureyra, Syria
- 10.5-6kya
- Euphrates River
- Younger Dryas
- Gazelles, wild plants (farming community)
102
Neolithic Revolution (Transition)
Phase I:
- Natufian hunter gatherers
- Circular houses, 200-300 people, sedentary
- gazelles, white plants
- There are climate change effects
- Availability of wild plants changes
Phase II:
- Focus on domesticated plants and animals
- Increased population (2-3,000 people)
- Houses change-> square shaped
- Expansion of trade
103
Mehrgarh, Pakistan
- 7000-2500 BC
- Seasonal settlement at Bolan Pass
- Early layers show wild gazelles and and cereals (barley, wheat)
- 5000 BC- planned community
- increase in population
- increased reliance on domesticated plants and animals
- craft production and trade
- figurines of women (increasing complexity over time)
104
Spread of Agriculture to Europe
- Appearance of domesticated things
- Places colonized by farmers
- Interaction with H.G.'s
- Linear Bandkeramik (LBK) Culture: Europe's first farmers
- Earliest sites 5700 BCE
105
Other Changes in Agriculture
- reciprocal
- redistributive
- In SW Asia, large settlements arrive before domestication
- In Mesoamerica domestication comes before large settlements
106
Conflicts with Oasis Theory
- Too general to account for world's diversity
- They weren't necessarily concentrated at the oases
- Environmental change is not reflected in archaeological record
107
Brian Hayden
- Feasts were important for status, ritual, and community
- Animal proteins were luxury goods
- Domesticated animals=tastier
- Agriculture allows you to create surplus of food and avoid seasonality issues
108
Pat McGovern (Beer Hypothesis)
- Beer used for ritual, ceremony, celebration
- required grains
- Evidence of pottery with tartaric acid (beer), dating to 7000 BC in Jiahu China
109
Crops of the Eastern Agricultural Complex
- Sunflower
- Chenopodium
- Marshelder
- Squash
110
Co-evolution
- It took 3000 years for domestication
- Any interaction with plants was unintentional
- Seeds replanting led to domest.
111
Ounjougou
- Site populated by African hunter-gatherers who used wild cereal grasses
- 12,000-9,000 ya
112
Agriculture in Africa
North Africa
- 8,000 ya (Old World)
- Qadan culture used spears/nets
- foragers
- Nile=valuable resource
Sub-Saharan Africa
- millet, sorghum
- experimentation with cultivars
- cattle emphasis
- Bantu people
113
Bankeramik
-Farming villages in Europe littered with Neolithic pottery
114
What is a civilization?
- Large social order and set of shared values in which states are culturally embedded
- Made up of states and cities
- 'advanced'
115
What is a state?
- Complex form of social organization
- Social classes/hierarchy
- Citizenship
- Controls territory, has geographic and cultural boundaries
- Contains administrative institutions (bureaucracy)
- Control over the use of force
116
What is a city?
- Social, political, economic center
- Socially complex
a) Non kin-based organization
b) Craft and administrative specialist (wow- occupations other than farmers!)
- Surrounded by Hinterland (farmland)
117
How states/civilization evolved
Egalitarian (hunter gatherers)-> ranked (agricultural villages) -> stratified (chiefdoms) -> states
118
Time Periods in Mesoamerica
```
- Preclassic or Formative Period
1500 BCE-300 CE
- Late Preclassic: 300 BCE-200 CE
- Classic Period: 300 CE-950 CE
- Postclassic Period: 950 CE-1250 CE
```
119
When was the development of irrigation technology?
- 7-6,000 years ago
| - Needed food surplus to support increasing population
120
Ubaid Period
- Development of cities: Uruk and Ur
- There was a shared material culture, shared social identity
a) similarities in pottery style
b) standardized temples (focus of agric. activity)
- Emerging soc. hierarchy
121
Uruk Period (Developments)
- World's first city
- 10-40,000 people
- Cities walled, surrounded by agricultural fields
- Temples (controlled agriculture and labor)
- Emergency of writing
- Complex economy
a) 'Standard Professions List'
b) specialization/ hierarchy
- Warfare (city walls, depictions of art)
- Royal tombs at Ur (King Abargi/Queen)
122
Writing in the Uruk Period
- Standardized 2500 BCE
| - Writing had administrative function, male profession
123
Akkadian Empire
- 2334 BCE
- Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumerian cities
- Territorial state
- Sociopolitical organization with multiple administrative centers
124
Harrapan
- Indus Valley
- Early agricultural community
- Move into Indus floodplain 5,300 years ago
125
Kot Diji Phase (Indus Valley)
- 2800-2600 BC
- Harrapa
- Expands
- Houses arranged on streets
a) regional pottery styles
b) expanding trade networks
c) crafts
d) pottery marks/ graffiti
126
Harrapan Phase (Indus Valley)
- 2600-1900 BCE
- State level societies with multiple cities
a) Mohenjo Daro
b) Harappa
- walled mounds
- Public constructions
a) walls/ gateways- keep people out
- Evidence of city planning
- Latrines/wash pots found
- Bureaucratic technologies
a) standardized weights
- No evidence of warfare or rulers
127
Writing during Harrapan Phase
- Not deciphered yet
- Found on stamped seals- wet clay
- Administrative/ Ritual/ Identification?
- Dholavira= site of Indus script
128
Harrapan Phase- culture
- Narrative scenes on stamped seals
- Ornaments, crafts, show hierarchy
- Bangles differentiate community members
129
Mesopotamia v. Indus Valley
Mesopotamia
- Monum. architechture
a) Ziggurats
- Centralized temples
- Writing had admin. function- cuneiform
Indus Valley
- Monum. architechture
b) City walls
- Non-centralized temples
- Writing had admin. function
= No single causal factor
- No uniform process
- States had diversity
130
New World Civilizations
- State economies based on long-distance trade
- powerful leaders
- social stratification
- human labor for large-scale constructions
- state religions
- record keeping
- warfare
Points of contrast:
- Wheel had no function
- domesticated animals not as prominent
131
Unification of Egypt
- First Dynasty 3000 BCE
| - King Narmer
132
Old Kingdom
- 2686-2181 BCE
- Pharoahs were rulers
- Hierarchy depicted on figurines/tombs
- Capital: Memphis, Egypt
a) administrative and ideological center
- Hieroglyphs
133
Evolution of Pyramid
- Old Kingdom
- Mastada tombs
a) 1st dynasty period (3100-2890 BCE)
- Stepped Pyramid at Saquan
b) 3rd dynasty (2650-2575 BCE)
- Bent pyramid (2600 BCE)
- Pyramids at Giza (2550-2490 BCE)
134
Uses of Pottery
- Storing liquids/water
- Storing dry food
- Transporting liquid/food
- Cooking/serving fod
- Ritual vs. utilitarian functions
- Fermenting alcohol
135
Ceramic Production
- Scales of production: Household vs. Mass production
- Resources needed: kilns, raw materials
- Full/part-time craft specialists
136
Askut Fortress
- 2040-656 BCE
- 'Destroyer of Nubians'
a) Constructed 1850 BC by Senevosret III to protect Egypt border from Nubians
137
Egyptian Ceramics and Feasting
- "Mundane" ceramics, few decorations
- Feasting:
a) displays of power
b) during religious holidays/festivals
c) held by state/society members
138
Nubian Ceramics & Feasting
- Ceramics were status symbols
- Essential to feasting
- Were funerary feasts for elites
139
Askut Ceramics (Hypotheses)
- Disturbed by later population
- Use size and shape
-Hypothesis 1: Nubians lived in forts to serve Egyptians
-Expectation: ceramics would be found in only one part of fort.
Reality: Ceramics found everywhere (rejected)
-Hypothesis 2: No Nubians resided in forts, they only traded with Egyptians.
Expectation: There would have to be mostly Nubian vessels there (Not many storage vessels- rejected)
-Hypothesis 3: Nubians interacted with Egyptians politically.
Expectation: There would need to be the presence of Nubian serving vessels
-Need to have fluctuations based on Egyptian state power
(supported)
-Hypothesis 4: Egyptians were intermarrying with Nubians
-Expectation: Presence of many Nubian cooking vessels
(supported)
140
Second Intermediate Period (Egypt)
- 1650-1550 BCE
- Egyptians lose power of Egypt
- Hyksos take over Nile Delta and Nubian city-state of Kerma in south
- They lose allegiance
- Jewelry, fertility figurines found inside fort= Nubians were there
141
New-Kingdom Period (Egypt)
- 1550-1050 BCE
- Kerma Conquered in 1500 BCE
- Egyptians sought to 'Egyptianize' Nubians
- Cooking pots
142
Late Period (Egypt)
- 747-656 BCE
- For was abandoned after New Kingdom
- Egyptians were conquered by Napatan Kingdom of Kush
- Called 'Saviors' of Egypt
143
Egyptian-Nubian Interactions
-Pharoah as 'Defender of Order' against foreign enemies
-People at the fort started making their own decisions
(adapted to changing political developments)
144
Olmec
- New World
- Early complex society
- Head sculptures
- Cities:
a) Sal Lorenzo
b) La Venta
145
San Lorenzo
- New World City in Olmec civilization
- Small farming village (1500 BCE)
- Pop. growth (1200-900 BCE)
- Central platforms, basalt workshops
- Portraits of rulers
- Mesoamerican ball games
146
La Venta
- New World City in Olmec civilization
- 900-600 BCE
- Centralized planning
- Elite power, rulership
- Alters depict rulers emerging from caves
- Jade figurines (related to elites, rituals)
147
Olmec writing
- Cascajal Block (900 BCE)
| - glyphs: carved figures
148
Olmec Economy
- Jade objects used to trade with others
| - Supports idea that Olmec was part of a mother culture
149
Olmec Pottery
- Petrographic analysis
| - Points to a sister culture
150
Olmec Decline
-400 BCE
-Cities abandoned
-Trade networks break down
-Warfare
??
151
The Maya
- Small farming village (800 BCE)- Nakbe site
- Large settlement (600-300 BCE)
Nakbe
- monumental architecture
- Social inequality
- Stela 1 monument-> Deities? Rulers?
152
El Mirador
- 400 BCE-200 CE
- Mayan settlement
- Earliest evidence of Mayan palaces
153
Classic Period
- 200- 90 CE? (Mesoamerica)
- Divine kingship/ religious transformations
- Emergence of writing
- Economic and political transformation
154
Mayan Elites and Rulers
- Rituals by shamans (to support rulers)
- Associated with ancestors and deities
a) Alter A from Copan
- Production of crafts
- Formed alliances with other rulers
155
Mayan City-States
- Dispersed population
- Farmers majority of pop.
- Cities had:
a) political center
b) economic center
c) ritual center
156
Mayan writing
- Earliest writing: San Bartolo, Guatemala
- Writings on morals, inscriptions, tablets
- Calendric system/dates of events
- Accomplishments of Rulers
157
Mayan Collapse
- 900 CE
- Didn't disappear- gradual decline
a) Climate/environment?
b) cultural (warfare, competition, pop.)
158
Teotihuacan
- 150 BCE- 1 CE
- Farming community
- Expands at greater rate than most
- Monumental architecture
- No ruler depictions
- 1-5 CE: Urban Nucleation & Growth
a) population expansion
b) Pyramid of the Sun (built over cave system)
c) Avenue of the Dead
- 150-200 CE: Expansion
- Pyramid of the Moon
- Temple of Feathered Serpent
- Ciudadela
159
Pyramid of the Moon
- Shaped like mountain
- 7 construction phases
- Offerings (animals, jade)
- Human sacrifices (200-400 CE)= warfare, violence
a) associated with weapons
160
Avenue of the Dead
- 1-150 CE
| - Planned ceremonial center
161
Temple of Feathered Serpent
- Constructed 200 CE during pop. expansion
- Deity Quetzalcoatl
- Unique iconography
- Human sacrifices
- Covered with facade in 350 BCE to cover old iconography
162
Cuidadela
- emphasis on ritual
| - administrative complex
163
Teotihuacan
- 200-400 CE
- More than 100,000 residents (80% Mexico's population)
- City Planning
- Murals painted on neighborhoods and apartment complexes
- Home to many immigrants
- Had apartments which tell us inequality not present
164
Oaxaca and Merchant's Barrio
-Housed immigrants from Oaxaca and Gulf Coast (Mexico)
165
Decline of Teotihuacan
- 400-700 BCE
- Environmental issues (health/disease)
- Destruction of political/ideological centers
- Abandonment
166
Rise of the Inca
- 1200 CE in Cusco
- Climate and agricultural surplus
- Hierarchy used to maintain control over large area
167
Inca Expansion
- 1480 CE
| - Pachaulee integral for conquering areas along the coast
168
Inca Control
- Gifts sent to rival rulers (accept or be conquered)
- Reorganization of conquered areas
a) could keep religion
- Hostages in Cusco
a) Family members
b) Idols (huacas)
- Regional administrative centers
a) local people/ Inca governors ruled centers
- Economic centers
- Quipu- knotted cord system
- Sophisticated road systems
- Internal colonization- moving of people to maintain control
- Reciprocal agreement- give compensation
a) Mit'a labor exchange
b) Used to build road/bridges
169
Fall of Inca
- 1533- Spanish conquest- brought diseases
| - Conquistadors tried to destroy Incan culture
170
Angkor Empire: Secondary States
- Historical succession from earlier state
- Interaction w/ more complex society
a) outside power
b) Indirect transformation of existing sociopolitical economic institution
171
Tomle Sap Lake
- Major protein source during Angkorian Empire
| - Rice and fish
172
Developments in Iron Age
- 500 BC-500 CE
- Iron technology emerges= increase in agric. productivity
- Increasing socio-political hierarchy (burials)
- Evidence of contact with India
173
Funan
- 500 BCE
- Early state in Mekong Delta
- Only Chinese documents as evidence
- Period of developments in Angkor Empire
- Involved international exchange with India
174
Evidence from historical documents (Angkor Period)
- Walled villages
- Palaces= hierarchy
- Productive agricultural economy
- Evidence for Indian-derived writing
- Trading with India
- Donations to temples
- Ties to Hinduism
175
Oc Eo
- Angkor Empire site
- found jewelry, beads, Indian coins
- Agriculture supported 120,000 people
- Dry season flood recession
176
Cemetery of Angkor Borei
- 200 BC-200 BCE
| - Buried with ceramics
177
Monumental Construction at Oc Eo
- Walls at Angkor Borei constructed 1-6th centuries CE
- Moats built at Oc Eo- 3rd century CE
- Canals built - 0 CE to connect Angkor to Oc Eo
178
Khmer Inscriptions
- Earliest scripts found in Angkor Borei 611 CE
| - Elite members make temple donations
179
Sanskrit Inscriptions
- Earliest date to 5th century CE
- Talked to Gods
- Indicate 'competing power centers'
180
What have found at Phnom Da?
-Examples of Khmer sculpture from 6th century
181
Decline of Funan
- Trade networks move out of delta
| - Shift of power inland
182
Pre-Angkor Period
- Elites tied to Hinduism/Buddhism
- Indianized Vedic names
- Shrines- Hindu ideology
183
Sambor Prei Kuk/ Ishanpura
- Constructed 6 CE by Ishanavarman 6
- Brick architecture
- 3 preccints
- 'Dudes on walls'
- Evidence of expanding power of rulers
184
Angkorian Period
- 802-1431 BC
- We focus on inscriptions and monuments
- Inscriptions:
a) temple dedications
b) kings
c) warfare
- Archaeology helps us understand daily life
185
Angkor Period Developments
- Jayavarman II- universal monarch 'Calvarati'
- Established Deva Raja cult
- Worship Shiva
186
Hariharalaya
- Capital at Angkor Empire established by Jayavarma II
| - Construction of temples and 1st hydraulic fence
187
Bakong temple
- Angkor period
- Stone architechture
- Yasovarman I expands control of Khmer empire (900 CE)
188
Koh Ker
- Capital moves (900 AD)
- Ruled by Jayavarman IV and Hasavarman II
- Changing art and architectural styles
189
Angkor: Rules of Sucession
- Bilateral descent
a) Inheritance from parents
- Example: Koh Ker
190
Prasat Thom
- Temple
- Required lots of labor
- Monumental writing for public audience
191
Angkor Empire
- Importance of agriculture & covee labor
- Rulers would commission building of
a) state temples
b) water management
c) roads
192
Angkor Period: Continuity vs. Change
Continuity:
- Importance of rice agriculture
- Khmer language and script
- Hindu/Bud ideology
Change:
- Rule of trade
- Expansion & contraction of borders
- Political instability (consolidation/fragmentation)
193
Angkor Empire Pt. 2: Brief History
- Independence from French- 1953
- Khmer Rouge- 1970- Vietnamese occupation
- First democratic elections- 1993
- Archaeology beings 1990's
a) 4 Khmer Arch. survive Khmer Rouge
194
LIDAR
- Light Detection and Ranging
- Light & Radar
- Helped us investigate Angkor Watt- which had planned landscape features
- Used to analyze Ta Prohm as well
Benefits:
- We can see landscape engineering
- Can see human-environment interactions
- Can identify new features
- Cheaper than arch. survey
- Find habitation areas
195
Ta Prohm
- Inscriptions found
- Grid system
- Sandstone chips to make floors
- Ceramics concentration
196
Collapse of Angkor
- 1431- Thais attacked
- No evidence of catastrophic attack
- Environmental issues, couldn't sustain water mgmt systems?
- Not abandoned, sociopolitical center intact
Tree-Ring Data:
- Tells us there was Mega drought 1330-1360
- Then intense flooding
-Chinese people live there now
197
Angkor after Angkor
- Baphuon built in mid 11th century CE
| - Reeling Budda- intense labor
198
Major Time Periods
- 1200 BCE: Agricultural civilization
- 1500-500 BCE: Bronze Age
- 500 BCE-500 CE: Emergence of complex societies
- 500 CE- 800 CE: Pre-Angkor (Cambodia)
- 800-1400 CE: Angkorian Empire
