Exam 1 (Objectives)

Question 1

diameter of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 1

1-10microm

Question 2

diameter of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 2

5-100microm

Question 3

diameter of a bacterial ribosome

Answer 3

20nanom

Question 4

diameter of a eukaryotic ribosome

Answer 4

25-30 nanom

Question 5

diameter of globular protein

Answer 5

3.6nanom

Question 6

What are the three kingdoms?

Answer 6

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 7

What are the • 4 main classes of biological compounds?

Answer 7

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides

Question 8

What are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 8

made up of monosaccharides

Question 9

What are lipids made of?

Answer 9

made of long hydrocarbon chain

Question 10

What are proteins made of?

Answer 10

made of amino acids, amino acids are made up of carboxyl group, amino group, C center, H, and R group

Question 11

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 11

made up of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil) which contains 5 carbon based sugar and 3 phosphate group

Question 12

Geometric isomers

Answer 12

isomers that switch the placement of functional groups between the two carbons bonded by a double bond

Question 13

Stereoisomers

Answer 13

mirror image of one another that cannot be placed on top of one another to give the same image

Question 14

chiral centers

Answer 14

carbon atoms with four different substituents are asymmetric

Question 15

photosynthesis

Answer 15

energy from sun used to drive electrons from H2O -> CO2 which forms glucose and releases oxygen

Question 16

Relate water structure to the hydrophobic effect.

Answer 16

Nonpolar solutes interact poorly with water so water cages the solute. The positive/negative dipole side of the water molecule will cage around the nonpolar solute.

Question 17

solubility of amphipathic molecules

Answer 17

hydrophobic region will be caged by water molecules to have a stronger hydrophilic attack

Question 18

solubility of nonpolar molecules

Answer 18

poorly soluble because water is a strong polar molecule; no polar = cannot be torn apart

Question 19

solubility of ionic compounds

Answer 19

highly polar, highly soluble

Question 20

Explain why buffers work.

Answer 20

Buffers are able to resist pH change because their conjugate acid and conjugate base are both present in great enough amounts to neutralize other acids and bases

Question 21

physiological pH

Answer 21

• pH of blood is maintained by CO2 and CO3-
• Respiratory acidosis: kidneys increase retention of HCO3-
• Metabolic acidosis: lungs blow off CO2

Question 22

examples of quaternary structure

Answer 22

hemoglobin, collagen

Question 23

Properties of Peptide Bonds

Answer 23

•Planar due to double bond character in the resonance
structure
•Dipole moment due to the electrophilic nature of the carbonyl carbon
•Trans configuration of R groups due to steric restrictions

Question 24

primary structure of protein

Answer 24

sequence of amino acids from amino terminal to carboxyl terminal

Question 25

classifications of amino acids

Answer 25

nonpolar or aliphatic, aromatic, polar or uncharged, positively charged, negatively charged

Question 26

Common secondary structures

Answer 26

α helix β sheet β turn

Question 27

α Helix

Answer 27

Forms by hydrogen bonding between carbonyl oxygen and the n+4 amino hydrogen

Question 28

β Sheets

Answer 28

Consist of Adjacent Strands of Polypeptide; Stabilized through hydrogen binding between adjacent strands

Question 29

Tertiary Structure

Answer 29

Form by self-assembly of secondary structures

Question 30

Quaternary Structure

Answer 30

Structure of a protein that is composed of two or more polypeptide chains

Question 31

enzymes

Answer 31

They participate in reactions without being consumed. They are not needed for the reaction to occur, but they help make the reaction go faster, hence they are biological catalysts.

Question 32

specificity of enzymes

Answer 32

each enzyme can only catalyze a single reaction (or a group of reactions); this is caused by the specific reaction between enzymes and the substrate

Question 33

simple enzymes

Answer 33

composed wholly of protein

Question 34

complex enzymes

Answer 34

composed of protein and a cofactor; the complete enzyme is called a holoenzyme

Question 35

Name the six enzyme classes

Answer 35

1. Oxidoreductase 2. Transferases 3. Hydrolases 4. Lyases 5. Isomerase 6. Ligase

Question 36

interactions that hold protein together

Answer 36

covalent bonds, vander waals, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen

Question 37

allostery

Answer 37

the change in binding site conformations after a single ligand binds to an allosteric site on the protein