Exam 1 - Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Accessory organs of the digestive tract
A
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
2
Q
(communication in GI Tract)
_______ = hormone secreted by 1 cell affects adjacent cell
A
Paracrine
3
Q
______ - Feeling of fullness
______ - Physiological need to eat
______ - Physiological want to eat
All of which are controlled by the _________
A
Satiety - fullness
Hunger - need to eat
Appetite - want to eat
HYPOTHALAMUS
4
Q
Make you feel least full to most full (carbs, fiber, fat, proteins)
A
Fat
Carbs
Fiber
Protein
5
Q
Space & layers of GI tissue from inside-out
A
Lumen Mucosa Submucosa Circular Muscle Longitudinal Muscle Serosa
6
Q
Which layer of the SI control secretions?
A
Submucosa
7
Q
Absorption occurs through the ______ _______ membrane.
A
Brush Border
8
Q
Which layer of the GI tract PRODUCES enzymes, hormones & digestive juices.
A
Mucosa
9
Q
Circular muscle and longitudinal muscle together are called the __________ _______
A
Muscularis Externa
10
Q
Three things that stimulate peristalsis
A
Distention (“Law of the Gut”)
Irritation (chemical or physical)
Parasympathetic Nerve Signals
11
Q
_______ nervous system:
- 100 million nerves from esophagus to anus
- controls movement & secretion
A
ENTERIC Nervous System
12
Q
Enteric nervous system is carried out in which two divisions?
A
Myenteric Plexus
Submucosal Plexus
13
Q
Myenteric Plexus:
(location)
(control)
A
Between longitudinal & circular muscles
Controls Movement
14
Q
Submucosal Plexus:
(location)
(control)
A
In Submucosa
Controls Secretion
15
Q
Parasympathetic Stimulation: Cranial division (vagus nerve) supplies to... (3)
A
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
16
Q
Parasympathetic Stimulation: Sacral division (pelvic nerves) supplies to...
A
Lower 1/2 of large intestine
17
Q
Parasympathetic Stimulation:
Postganglionic neurons located in… (2)
A
Myenteric & Submucosal Plexus
18
Q
Parasympathetic stimulation _______ activity.
Sympathetic stimulation ______ activity
A
Increases (parasympathetic)
Inhibits (sympathetic)
19
Q
Sympathetic stimulation secretes mostly ___________
A
Norepinephrine
20
Q
Three salivary glands
A
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
21
Q
Saliva contains… (4)
A
Water
Electrolytes
Enzymes
Mucus
22
Q
What gets digested in the mouth?
A
Carbs & Lipids
23
Q
food + saliva =
A
Bolus
24
Q
Swallowing is regulated by the _______
A
Medulla
25
Wave-like motion moving bolus from mouth to stomach.
Peristalsis
26
Voluntary and involuntary muscles are stimulated by ___________ nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
27
Two stages of swallowing in order
Pharyngeal
| Esophageal
28
Which macronutrient relaxes the gastroesophageal sphincter most?
Lipids
29
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
30
Stomach:
empty = ___ cup(s)
Can stretch up to ~___ cup(s)
1/4 cup (empty)
| ~6 cups (stretched)
31
Sphincter between stomach and small intestine.
Pyloric Sphincter
32
```
Stomach Cells:
Neck cells - secrete...
Parietal cells - secrete...
Chief cells - secrete...
Enteroendocrine cells - secrete...
```
Neck - Mucus & Bicarbonate
Parietal - HCl & Intrinsic Factor (IF)
Chief - Enzymes
Enteroendocrine - Hormones
33
Enzymes secreted by chief cells
Pepsinogen & Gastric Lipase
34
Name for hormones secreted by enter endocrine cells
'G' Cells
35
Gastric juice contains... (6)
```
Water
Electrolytes
Intrinsic Factor
Hydrochloric Acid
Enzymes
Mucus
```
36
Enzymes of gastric juice digest... (2)
Lipids & Proteins
37
Gastric + bolus =
Chyme
38
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb...
Vitamin B12
39
Hydrochloric acid has a pH...
~2
40
Mucus is composed of... (4)
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Water
Bicarbonate
41
Function of neck cells
Gastroprotection
42
Three phases of gastric acid secretion in order
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
43
Cephalic Phase:
- sight, smell and thought of food causes vagus nerve to stimulate release of GRP & ACh from enteric nerves
- Readies GI tract for food
44
Gastric Phase:
- Mechanical & chemical stimulation (stretch) release ACH & GRP to cause gastrin secretion
- Stomach relaxes
- chief cells release enzymes
45
Intestinal Phase:
Meal moves into duodenum & binds to receptors, starting a pathway that ends with gastrin inhibition
46
Macronutrients digested in stomach
Lipids & Proteins
47
Chyme is released to small intestine through the pyloric sphincter at a rate of....
~2tsp/min
48
Gastric emptying takes __ to __ hours following a meal
1 - 6 hours
49
Gastric Emptying fastest to slowest (fiber, fat, protein, starchy or processed carbs)
Fat
Starchy or Processed Carbs
Fiber
Protein
50
Sphincter from small intestine to large intestine
Ileocecal Sphincter
51
GI layer that STIMULATES the release of enzymes, hormones & digestive juices
Submucosa
52
Highly folded area that significantly increases surfaces area
Villi
53
Intestinal contents move through SI at rate of...
2cm/min
54
Two parts of villi
Microvilli (brush border)
| Enterocytes
55
(SI - Villi)
| Lower level cells that will eventually migrate and become villi
Crypts of Leiberkuhn
56
Enterocytes have a lifespan of...
3-5 days
57
Enterocytes are recycled in the ________, digested and reabsorbed
Lumen
58
What increases intestinal permeability? (3)
Inflammatory Compounds
Psychological Stress
High fat diet/bile
59
What is digested in the SI by brush border enzymes
Carbs & Proteins
60
Layer of the SI that produces the brush border enzymes
Mucosa
61
Pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic duct to the _________
Duodenum
62
Endocrine cells secreted by the pancreas
Insulin
| Glucagon
63
Exocrine cells secreted by the pancreas
(Pancreatic Juice)
Bicarbonate - neutralizes acidic chyme
Electrolytes
Digestive Enzymes
64
What is digested in the SI by pancreatic enzymes?
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
65
Largest organ in the body
Liver
66
Cells of the liver are called...
Hepatocytes
67
The liver receives blood directly fro the __ through the portal vein
SI
68
The ________ system drains into the liver
Lymphatic
69
Three carb-related functions of the liver
Glycogen storage
Conversion of sugars to glucose
Gluconeogenesis (new glucose)
70
Three protein-related functions of the liver
Formation of plasma proteins
Interconversion of amino acids
Urea formation
71
Three lipid-related functions for the liver
Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids & Lipoproteins
Oxidation of fatty acids for energy
Synthesis of fat from carbs & proteins
72
Concentrate os stores bile
Gallbladder
73
Bile being too concentrated can lead to...
Gallstones
74
Hormone responsible for contracting gallbladder
CCK
75
Hormone released by I cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum due to fat or protein-rich chyme in the duodenum
CCK
76
Hormone released by S cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum due to acidic chyme in the duodenum
Secretin
77
Hormone released by K cells of the duodenum and jejunum due to fatty acids, amino acids and some carbs
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
78
Secretin's stimulates _________ secretion of the pancreas
Bicarbonate
79
CCK stimulates ________ & ________ secretin of the pancreas
Enzymes & Bicarbonate
80
GIP stimulates _______ synthesis & secretion of the pancreas
Insulin
81
Main part of bile that is concentrated in the gallbladder.
Bile Salts
82
Bile acts like detergent to emulsify ______
Lipids
83
Bile Acid + Glycine =
Glychocholate
84
Bile Acid + Taurine =
Taurocholate
85
___% of secreted bile acids & bile slats are reabsorbed in SI
95%
86
Reabsorbed bile acids are transported via...
Portal Vein
87
Old bile + new bile is transported to the _______ for storage and concentration
Gallbladder
88
Taurocholate & Glychocholate are both....
Conjugated Bile Acid
89
Which hormone releases both pancreatic & gallbladder secretion?
CCK
90
Unabsorbed material from the SI enters the LI through the...
Ileocecal Valve
91
5 sections of LI
```
Cecum
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
```
92
What is digested in the LI?
NOTHING
93
It takes __-__ hours to pass material through the LI
12-72 hours
94
1L of chyme is reduced to _____ of feces after this time
~200g
95
Rectum signals defecation reflex by distention signaling _______ ______ to start peristalsis
Myenteric Plexus
96
Motilin (increases/decreases) motility in LI
Increases Motility
97
Which peptide hormone decreases proteins/amino acids, fatty acids and glucose in the GI tract
Motilin
98
Which peptide hormone increases proteins/amino acids and decreases acid in GI tract
Gastrin
99
Which peptide hormone increases fatty acids and acid in the GI tract
Secretin
100
Which peptide hormone increases proteins/amino acids and fatty acids
CCK
101
Which peptide hormone increases fatty acids and glucose in the GI tract
GIP
102
Where does motion increase motility?
Stomach
SI
LI
103
Where does GIP decrease motility?
Stomach
104
Where does CCK decrease motility?
Stomach
105
Where does secretin decrease motility?
Stomach
106
What affect does Gastrin have on the stomach? (2)
Inc. HCl & IF release
| Inc. Motility
107
There are more than _____ species of bacteria in the LI/colon
>1000
108
Most of the bacteria in the LI/colon are _______
Anaerobes
109
Anaerobes - (function)
Ferment unabsorbed carbohydrates & proteins into short-chain fatty acids & gas
110
_________ - good gut bacteria
_________ - food for good gut bacteria
_________ - foods that contain both (above)
Probiotics
Probiotics
Synbiotics
111
Where are brush border enzymes produced?
SI
112
Four types of absorption
Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
113
Passive Diffusion -
Facilitated Diffusion -
Active Transport -
Endocytosis -
- Crosses membrane freely, moving from higher to lower concentration (PD)
- Crosses membrane using a CARRIER (transport protein) moving from higher to lower concentration (FD)
- Requires a CARRIER & ENERGY; LOWER to HIGHER concentration (AT)
- Engulfed by membrane
114
3 forms of endocytosis + process
- Phagocytosis (food) - membrane engulfs large MOLECULE
- Pinocytosis (drink) - membrane engulfs FLUID
- Receptor-Mediated - compound binds to receptor before being engulfed by membrane
115
SI Absorption:
| Daily Average/Capacity for carbs, lipids, protein & water
Carbs: 300g / 2kg
Lipids: 100g / 500g
Protein: 50-100g / 500-700g
Water: 7-8L / 20L
116
Water-Soluble Nutrients (6)
```
Carbs
Proteins
Minerals
B & C Vitamins
Short-Chain FA
Bile Acids
```
117
Water-Soluble Nutrients pass through the ______ _____ to the _______ for uptake.
Portal Vein
| Liver
118
Fat-Soluble Nutrients (4)
Medium/Long-Chain FA
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
119
Fat-soluble Nutrients travel through the ________ ______
Lymphatic System
