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Biochemistry 1 > Exam 1 - Nutrition > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver

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2
Q

(communication in GI Tract)

_______ = hormone secreted by 1 cell affects adjacent cell

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

______ - Feeling of fullness
______ - Physiological need to eat
______ - Physiological want to eat
All of which are controlled by the _________

A

Satiety - fullness
Hunger - need to eat
Appetite - want to eat
HYPOTHALAMUS

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4
Q

Make you feel least full to most full (carbs, fiber, fat, proteins)

A

Fat
Carbs
Fiber
Protein

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5
Q

Space & layers of GI tissue from inside-out

A 
Lumen
Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular Muscle
Longitudinal Muscle
Serosa
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6
Q

Which layer of the SI control secretions?

A

Submucosa

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7
Q

Absorption occurs through the ______ _______ membrane.

A

Brush Border

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8
Q

Which layer of the GI tract PRODUCES enzymes, hormones & digestive juices.

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

Circular muscle and longitudinal muscle together are called the __________ _______

A

Muscularis Externa

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10
Q

Three things that stimulate peristalsis

A

Distention (“Law of the Gut”)
Irritation (chemical or physical)
Parasympathetic Nerve Signals

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11
Q

_______ nervous system:

  • 100 million nerves from esophagus to anus
  • controls movement & secretion
A

ENTERIC Nervous System

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12
Q

Enteric nervous system is carried out in which two divisions?

A

Myenteric Plexus

Submucosal Plexus

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13
Q

Myenteric Plexus:
(location)
(control)

A

Between longitudinal & circular muscles

Controls Movement

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14
Q

Submucosal Plexus:
(location)
(control)

A

In Submucosa

Controls Secretion

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15
Q 
Parasympathetic Stimulation:
Cranial division (vagus nerve) supplies to... (3)
A

Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas

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16
Q 
Parasympathetic Stimulation:
Sacral division (pelvic nerves) supplies to...
A

Lower 1/2 of large intestine

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17
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation:

Postganglionic neurons located in… (2)

A

Myenteric & Submucosal Plexus

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18
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation _______ activity.

Sympathetic stimulation ______ activity

A

Increases (parasympathetic)

Inhibits (sympathetic)

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19
Q

Sympathetic stimulation secretes mostly ___________

A

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

Three salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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21
Q

Saliva contains… (4)

A

Water
Electrolytes
Enzymes
Mucus

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22
Q

What gets digested in the mouth?

A

Carbs & Lipids

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23
Q

food + saliva =

A

Bolus

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24
Q

Swallowing is regulated by the _______

A

Medulla

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25
Q

Wave-like motion moving bolus from mouth to stomach.

A

Peristalsis

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26
Q

Voluntary and involuntary muscles are stimulated by ___________ nerves

A

Parasympathetic nerves

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27
Q

Two stages of swallowing in order

A

Pharyngeal

Esophageal

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28
Q

Which macronutrient relaxes the gastroesophageal sphincter most?

A

Lipids

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29
Q

Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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30
Q

Stomach:
empty = ___ cup(s)
Can stretch up to ~___ cup(s)

A

1/4 cup (empty)

~6 cups (stretched)

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31
Q

Sphincter between stomach and small intestine.

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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32
Q 
Stomach Cells:
Neck cells - secrete...
Parietal cells - secrete...
Chief cells - secrete...
Enteroendocrine cells - secrete...
A

Neck - Mucus & Bicarbonate
Parietal - HCl & Intrinsic Factor (IF)
Chief - Enzymes
Enteroendocrine - Hormones

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33
Q

Enzymes secreted by chief cells

A

Pepsinogen & Gastric Lipase

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34
Q

Name for hormones secreted by enter endocrine cells

A

‘G’ Cells

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35
Q

Gastric juice contains… (6)

A 
Water
Electrolytes
Intrinsic Factor
Hydrochloric Acid
Enzymes
Mucus
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36
Q

Enzymes of gastric juice digest… (2)

A

Lipids & Proteins

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37
Q

Gastric + bolus =

A

Chyme

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38
Q

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb…

A

Vitamin B12

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39
Q

Hydrochloric acid has a pH…

A

~2

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40
Q

Mucus is composed of… (4)

A

Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Water
Bicarbonate

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41
Q

Function of neck cells

A

Gastroprotection

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42
Q

Three phases of gastric acid secretion in order

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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43
Q

Cephalic Phase:

A
  • sight, smell and thought of food causes vagus nerve to stimulate release of GRP & ACh from enteric nerves
  • Readies GI tract for food
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44
Q

Gastric Phase:

A
  • Mechanical & chemical stimulation (stretch) release ACH & GRP to cause gastrin secretion
  • Stomach relaxes
  • chief cells release enzymes
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45
Q

Intestinal Phase:

A

Meal moves into duodenum & binds to receptors, starting a pathway that ends with gastrin inhibition

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46
Q

Macronutrients digested in stomach

A

Lipids & Proteins

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47
Q

Chyme is released to small intestine through the pyloric sphincter at a rate of….

A

~2tsp/min

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48
Q

Gastric emptying takes __ to __ hours following a meal

A

1 - 6 hours

49
Q

Gastric Emptying fastest to slowest (fiber, fat, protein, starchy or processed carbs)

A

Fat
Starchy or Processed Carbs
Fiber
Protein

50
Q

Sphincter from small intestine to large intestine

A

Ileocecal Sphincter

51
Q

GI layer that STIMULATES the release of enzymes, hormones & digestive juices

A

Submucosa

52
Q

Highly folded area that significantly increases surfaces area

A

Villi

53
Q

Intestinal contents move through SI at rate of…

A

2cm/min

54
Q

Two parts of villi

A

Microvilli (brush border)

Enterocytes

55
Q

(SI - Villi)

Lower level cells that will eventually migrate and become villi

A

Crypts of Leiberkuhn

56
Q

Enterocytes have a lifespan of…

A

3-5 days

57
Q

Enterocytes are recycled in the ________, digested and reabsorbed

A

Lumen

58
Q

What increases intestinal permeability? (3)

A

Inflammatory Compounds
Psychological Stress
High fat diet/bile

59
Q

What is digested in the SI by brush border enzymes

A

Carbs & Proteins

60
Q

Layer of the SI that produces the brush border enzymes

A

Mucosa

61
Q

Pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic duct to the _________

A

Duodenum

62
Q

Endocrine cells secreted by the pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

63
Q

Exocrine cells secreted by the pancreas

A

(Pancreatic Juice)
Bicarbonate - neutralizes acidic chyme
Electrolytes
Digestive Enzymes

64
Q

What is digested in the SI by pancreatic enzymes?

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins

65
Q

Largest organ in the body

A

Liver

66
Q

Cells of the liver are called…

A

Hepatocytes

67
Q

The liver receives blood directly fro the __ through the portal vein

A

SI

68
Q

The ________ system drains into the liver

A

Lymphatic

69
Q

Three carb-related functions of the liver

A

Glycogen storage
Conversion of sugars to glucose
Gluconeogenesis (new glucose)

70
Q

Three protein-related functions of the liver

A

Formation of plasma proteins
Interconversion of amino acids
Urea formation

71
Q

Three lipid-related functions for the liver

A

Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids & Lipoproteins
Oxidation of fatty acids for energy
Synthesis of fat from carbs & proteins

72
Q

Concentrate os stores bile

A

Gallbladder

73
Q

Bile being too concentrated can lead to…

A

Gallstones

74
Q

Hormone responsible for contracting gallbladder

A

CCK

75
Q

Hormone released by I cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum due to fat or protein-rich chyme in the duodenum

A

CCK

76
Q

Hormone released by S cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum due to acidic chyme in the duodenum

A

Secretin

77
Q

Hormone released by K cells of the duodenum and jejunum due to fatty acids, amino acids and some carbs

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

78
Q

Secretin’s stimulates _________ secretion of the pancreas

A

Bicarbonate

79
Q

CCK stimulates ________ & ________ secretin of the pancreas

A

Enzymes & Bicarbonate

80
Q

GIP stimulates _______ synthesis & secretion of the pancreas

A

Insulin

81
Q

Main part of bile that is concentrated in the gallbladder.

A

Bile Salts

82
Q

Bile acts like detergent to emulsify ______

A

Lipids

83
Q

Bile Acid + Glycine =

A

Glychocholate

84
Q

Bile Acid + Taurine =

A

Taurocholate

85
Q

___% of secreted bile acids & bile slats are reabsorbed in SI

A

95%

86
Q

Reabsorbed bile acids are transported via…

A

Portal Vein

87
Q

Old bile + new bile is transported to the _______ for storage and concentration

A

Gallbladder

88
Q

Taurocholate & Glychocholate are both….

A

Conjugated Bile Acid

89
Q

Which hormone releases both pancreatic & gallbladder secretion?

A

CCK

90
Q

Unabsorbed material from the SI enters the LI through the…

A

Ileocecal Valve

91
Q

5 sections of LI

A 
Cecum
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
92
Q

What is digested in the LI?

A

NOTHING

93
Q

It takes __-__ hours to pass material through the LI

A

12-72 hours

94
Q

1L of chyme is reduced to _____ of feces after this time

A

~200g

95
Q

Rectum signals defecation reflex by distention signaling _______ ______ to start peristalsis

A

Myenteric Plexus

96
Q

Motilin (increases/decreases) motility in LI

A

Increases Motility

97
Q

Which peptide hormone decreases proteins/amino acids, fatty acids and glucose in the GI tract

A

Motilin

98
Q

Which peptide hormone increases proteins/amino acids and decreases acid in GI tract

A

Gastrin

99
Q

Which peptide hormone increases fatty acids and acid in the GI tract

A

Secretin

100
Q

Which peptide hormone increases proteins/amino acids and fatty acids

A

CCK

101
Q

Which peptide hormone increases fatty acids and glucose in the GI tract

A

GIP

102
Q

Where does motion increase motility?

A

Stomach
SI
LI

103
Q

Where does GIP decrease motility?

A

Stomach

104
Q

Where does CCK decrease motility?

A

Stomach

105
Q

Where does secretin decrease motility?

A

Stomach

106
Q

What affect does Gastrin have on the stomach? (2)

A

Inc. HCl & IF release

Inc. Motility

107
Q

There are more than _____ species of bacteria in the LI/colon

A

> 1000

108
Q

Most of the bacteria in the LI/colon are _______

A

Anaerobes

109
Q

Anaerobes - (function)

A

Ferment unabsorbed carbohydrates & proteins into short-chain fatty acids & gas

110
Q

_________ - good gut bacteria
_________ - food for good gut bacteria
_________ - foods that contain both (above)

A

Probiotics
Probiotics
Synbiotics

111
Q

Where are brush border enzymes produced?

A

SI

112
Q

Four types of absorption

A

Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis

113
Q

Passive Diffusion -
Facilitated Diffusion -
Active Transport -
Endocytosis -

A
  • Crosses membrane freely, moving from higher to lower concentration (PD)
  • Crosses membrane using a CARRIER (transport protein) moving from higher to lower concentration (FD)
  • Requires a CARRIER & ENERGY; LOWER to HIGHER concentration (AT)
  • Engulfed by membrane
114
Q

3 forms of endocytosis + process

A
  • Phagocytosis (food) - membrane engulfs large MOLECULE
  • Pinocytosis (drink) - membrane engulfs FLUID
  • Receptor-Mediated - compound binds to receptor before being engulfed by membrane
115
Q

SI Absorption:

Daily Average/Capacity for carbs, lipids, protein & water

A

Carbs: 300g / 2kg
Lipids: 100g / 500g
Protein: 50-100g / 500-700g
Water: 7-8L / 20L

116
Q

Water-Soluble Nutrients (6)

A 
Carbs
Proteins
Minerals
B & C Vitamins
Short-Chain FA
Bile Acids
117
Q

Water-Soluble Nutrients pass through the ______ _____ to the _______ for uptake.

A

Portal Vein

Liver

118
Q

Fat-Soluble Nutrients (4)

A

Medium/Long-Chain FA
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

119
Q

Fat-soluble Nutrients travel through the ________ ______

A

Lymphatic System

Biochemistry 1 (5 decks)

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