Exam 1 - Biochem Intro Flashcards
1
Q
Biochemistry is the study of…
A
life at the molecular level
2
Q
Experiments performed in glass - outside normal environment.
A
In Vitro
3
Q
Experiments done in whole, living organisms.
Uses humans and other animals or plants.
A
In Vivo
4
Q
Which type of study is difficult to control all variables.
A
In Vivo
5
Q
Animals are under the _______ branch of the ________ tree of life.
A
Eukaryota
Phylogenetic (tree of life)
6
Q
Highly organized network inside cell. Liquid portion called cytosol. Many biochemical processes occur here
A
Cytoplasm
7
Q
Produces 90% of energy for cell
A
Mitochondria
8
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Produces lipids
9
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Studded with ribosomes that make protein
10
Q
Makes proteins from RER more specific & sorts them.
A
Golgi Complex
11
Q
Contains digestive enzymes of cell
A
Lysosome
12
Q
Contains oxidative enzymes to protect cell
A
Peroxisome
13
Q
Less than ___ of 90 naturally occurring elements are essential for life.
A
30
14
Q
Four lightest elements in order of the number of bonds they are able to form
A
H - 1
O - 2
N - 3
C - 4
15
Q
The lightest elements form the _______ bonds.
A
Strongest
16
Q
Four classes of biochemicals
A
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
17
Q
C = O
A
Carbonyl
18
Q
OH
A
Hydroxyl (“O - H” attached to anything)
19
Q
C = O
\
OH
A
Carbonyl + Hydroxyl = CARBOXYL
20
Q
One carbon in the backbone + 3 H + R-group (what group)
A
Methyl
21
Q
Two carbons in the backbone, connected to r group and surrounded with H(what group)
A
Ethyl
22
Q
Add a hydroxyl to…
- a “one-carbon” backbone
- a “two-carbon backbone
A
Alcohol
Ethanol
23
Q
Hexagon of carbons with 3 double bonds (what group)
A
Phenyl
24
Q
Two-carbon backbone with two “O’s” (one double bonded) (what group)
A
Acetyl
25
N - H
\
H
Amino
26
```
H
I
R - C - H
I
H
```
Methyl
27
```
H H
I I
R - C - C - H
I I
H H
```
Ethyl
28
```
O
II
R - O - P - O
I
O
```
Phosphate
29
O
II
R - C - H
Aldehyde
| carbonyl on end of molecule
30
O
II
H - C - H
Methanal
31
O
II
H3C - C - H
(group + group = compound)
Aldehyde + Ethyl = Ethanal
32
Carbonyl in the MIDDLE of the molecule
Keytone
33
O
II
R1 - C - R2
Keytone
34
Carbonyl and hydroxyl on the end of the molecule.
Carboxylic Acid
35
O
II
R - C - OH
Carboxylic Acid
36
When acid are _______, replace "ic" with "ate"
Ionized
37
Acid + Alcohol =
Ester
38
O
II
R - C - O - R'
Ester
39
Carbonyl & oxygen in the middle of the molecule.
Ester
40
Oxygen connecting two carbon chains
Ether
41
R - O - R
Ether
42
R - S - S - H
Disulfide
43
Two sulfur groups come together
Disulfide
44
R - S - H
Sulfhydryl (S - H)
45
R - C - S - R'
II
O
Thioester
C - S
II
O
46
Difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol
Primary - 2 carbons with "OH" on end
Secondary - 3 Carbons with "OH" on end
Tertiary - 4 Carbons with "OH" on end
("C - OH" = Alcohol)
47
Difference between organic and inorganic.
Organic contain HYDROCARBONS
| Inorganic does NOT
48
Two variations of an isomer
Structural Isomers
Stereoisomers
(slides 32-38)
49
Same formula, different order of attachment (isomers)
Structural Isomers
| slides 32-38
50
Same formula and order of attachment, different 3D arrangement
Stereoisomers
| slides 32-38
51
Two variations of stereoisomers
Enantiomers
Diastereomers
(slides 32-38)
52
NOT mirror image (stereoisomers)
Diastereomers
| slides 32-38
53
Non superimposable mirror images (stereoisomers)
Enantiomers
| slides 32-38
54
Two variations of diastereomers
Geometric Isomers
Epimers
(slides 32-38)
55
Different rotation around a double bond (diastereomers)
Geometric Isomers
| slides 32-38
56
Different rotation around 1 carbon (diastereomers)
Epimers
| slides 32-38
57
We produce energy through flow of _______ in _________-_________ reactions.
Electrons
| Oxidation-Reduction
58
Unabsorbed material from the SI enters the LI through _________ ______
Ileocecal Valve
59
5 sections of LI
```
Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid
```
60
It takes ___ - ___ hours to pass material through LI
12 - 72 hours
61
Signals defecation reflexes
Rectum
62
Only hormone in LI
Motilin
63
Effect motion has on LI
Increases Motility
64
LI contains more than ______ species of bacteria
>1000
65
_________ - good bacteria
| _________ - food for good bacteria
Probiotics
| Prebiotics
66
_________ - foods that contain both pre- & probiotics
Synbiotics
67
5 peptide hormones and their functions(s)
```
Gastrin - Inc. HCI & IF releases; Inc. Motility
Secretin - Dec. Motility
CCK - Dec. Motility
GIP - Dec. Motility
Motilin - Inc. Motility
```
68
What is digested in the mouth
Carbs & Lipids
69
What is digested in the stomach
Lipids & Proteins
70
What is digested in the SI
Carbs, Lipids & Proteins
71
What is digested in the LI
None
72
Enzyme secreted from the _____ are responsible for the majority of macronutrient digestion
Pancreas
73
Where are brush border enzymes produced
SI
74
Four methods of absorption
Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
75
(Absorption method) crossing membrane freely, moving from higher concentration to lower concentration
Passive diffusion
76
Facilitated diffusion uses a _______ (________ ______) to cross cell membrane
Carrier (transport protein)
77
Active Transport requires ________ & _______ expenditure (from ____)
Carrier & Energy (from ATP)
78
Three types of endocytosis and their associations
Phagocytosis (cell eating) ("cell cheese")
Pinocytosis (cell drinking) ("cells wine")
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (binds to receptor before being engulfed by membrane)
79
Which absorption method requires a carrier protein and concentration gradient?
Facilitated Diffusion
80
```
Daily average SI absorption:
Carbs -
Lipids -
Protein -
Water -
```
carbs - 300g
lipids - 100g
protein - 50-100g
water - 7-8L
81
```
Capacity SI absorption:
Carbs -
Lipids -
Protein -
Water -
```
carbs - 2kg
lipids - 500g
protein - 500-700g
water - 20L
82
Following absorption, water-soluble nutrients pass through the _______ _____ to the _____ for uptake
Portal Vein
| Liver
83
Following absorption, fat-soluble nutrients travel through the ________ _______
Lymphatic System
84
disorder or lack of organization
entropy
85
Synthesis of large molecules like proteins and nucleic acids are _____________ unfavorable
THERMODYNAMICALLY unfavorable
86
Endergonic =
Require Energy
87
Exergonic =
Energy Releasing
88
Overall, we want the sum of (delta)G to be
Negative
89
Enzymes ______ _____ chemical reactions
Speed Up
90
Consecutive reactions are called
Pathways
91
Catabolic pathways are _______ _______
exergonic breakers
92
Anabolic pathways are ________ _______
endergonic builders
93
Catabolic + anabolic =
Metabolic
94
Metabolic enzymes are highly _______
regulated
95
Lose electron
oxidation
96
oxidation is also called
dehydrogenation
97
Oxidation and Reduction acronym
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Losing
Reduction Is Gaining
98
_______ alcohol cannot lose enough H to be oxidized
Tertiary Alcohol
99
Oxidation reactions found in: (3)
Metabolism
Cancer
Aging
100
Reduction is also known as
Hydrogenation
101
__________/_________ - removal of water
Dehydration/Condensation
102
With dehydration/condensation, water is the _________
Product
103
_________ - reaction with water added
Hydrolysis
104
With hydrolysis, water is the ________
Reactant
105
_________ - Addition of CH3
Methylation
106
Methylation is important for _____ and ________ modifications
(methylation important for)
| DNA & Enzyme Modifications
107
Methylation makes molecule ______ polar because of the addition of more _________
LESS polar
| Hydrocarbons
108
__________ - adding phosphate
Phosphorylation
109
Gene that is not working in 90% of skin cancers and 50% of all other cancers
p53
110
Human body is ~___% water by weight
~65%
111
Typical cell is ___% water
70%
112
Electronegativity:
H = ____
O = ____
EN difference = ____
H = 2.1
O = 3.5
EN difference = 1.4
113
________ molecules (proteins & carbs) dissolve easily in water
Polar
114
_________ molecules (lipids) cannot dissolve readily in water
Nonpolar
115
________ bonds can occur in all compounds with polar bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
116
Hydrogen bonds are important in the double helical structure of _____ and 3D folding of ________
DNA
| Proteins
117
H bonding only occurs when there is a donor and acceptor. Donor is usually either ______ (-___) or ______ (-___). Acceptor is usually either __ or __
Donors - Hydroxyl (-OH) or Amine (-NH)
| Acceptors - O or N
118
Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and compounds with __-__ bonds can bond with water, making them ______-_______
N-H
| Water-Soluble
119
Carbohydrates contain _____ groups
| Proteins contain _____ and _____ groups
carbs - ALCOHOL groups
| proteins - AMINO and ACID groups
120
Charged molecules _______ readily in water
Dissolve
121
Noncovalent interactions (4)
Electrostatic Interactions
Hydrophobic Interactions
H Bonds
Van der Waals Interactions
122
_________ - contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Amphipathic
123
Most common phospholipid in the body.
| ___% of all phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine (50%)
124
Phosphatidylcholine contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions which makes it __________
Amphipathic
125
Hydrogen bonds are ______ compared to other weak forces, but much _______ that true covalent bonds
Strong (compared to weak forces)
| much WEAKER that true covalent bonds
126
Hydrogen bonds between two compounds are stronger (with/without) water. Why?
Without
| Water will H bond instead of compound
127
Interaction between 2 uncharged compounds - Weakest of all the attractive forces
Van der Waals Interactions
128
Van der Waals Interactions are also known as
London Dispersion Forces
129
Hydrophobic molecules cluster together in a (polar/nonpolar) solution
Polar
130
Strongest noncovalent interactions
```
Electrostatic Interactions
(between ions)
```
131
2nd strongest noncovalent interactions
H Bonds
| between H and N or O - "Heck NO"
132
pH is a measure of the ____ _______ _____
Free Hydrogen Ions (H+)
133
pK -
The pH at which the acid or base has a tendency to lose a H
134
Acids are proton (H+) _______
Bases are proton (H+) _______
(donors/acceptors)
Acids - proton (H+) DONORS
| Bases - proton (H+) ACCEPTORS
135
______ - can gain or lose 1 proton
______ - can gain or lose 2 protons
______ - can gain or lose 3 protons
Monoprotic
Diprotic
Triprotic
136
______ _____ - bond between - and + charges
__________ _____ - bond between elements in compound
__________ _____ - "attractive forces" between compounds
Ionic Bond: - and +
INTRAmolecular Bond: element in compound
INTERmolecular Bond: "attractive forces" between compounds
137
If pH is below pK -
| If pH is above pK -
below pK - H still attached
| above pK - H is lost
138
Volatile acids -
| Nonvolatile acids -
Volatile - can be turned into a gas & eliminated through lungs
Nonvolatile - cannot be turned into gas, must be eliminated through kidneys
139
Most important volatile acid
Carbonic Acid
140
Most important base in vivo
Bicarbonate
141
Bicarbonate is primarily regulate by the ________
Kidneys
142
Fruits and vegetables are (acidic/basic) in nature when metabolized
Basic
143
Accumulation of acid or loss of base
Acidosis
144
Accumulation of base or loss of acid
Alkalosis
145
Anything that can reversibly bind protons
Buffer
146
A buffer is usually a weak ______ and its conjugate ______
weak ACID and conjugate BASE
147
_______ buffers control concentration of carbon dioxide
Respiratory
148
Proteins can act as acid or base which makes them _________ _________
Amphoteric Buffers
149
_______ buffers control concentration of H+
Renal Buffers
150
Increase in CO2 causes pH to _______, which is known as respiratory ________
(pH) Decrease
| Respiratory ACIDOSIS
151
Decrease in CO2 causes pH to ________, which is know as respiratory _________.
(pH) Increase
| Respiratory Alkalosis
152
Metabolic acidosis is cause by any other mechanism other than increase CO2.
It is usually due to loss of _________ or excessive _________ ______.
(loss of) Bicarbonate
| (excessive) Nonvolatile Acids
153
Metabolic alkalosis is usually do to excessive __________
Bicarbonate
154
(vitamins/minerals)
________ - organic
________ - inorganic
Vitamins - Organic
| Mineral - Inorganic
155
Least bias form of analysis
Meta-analysis
156
Most bias form of analysis
Expert Opinion
157
Of the forms of analysis, which two are filtered summaries?
Meta-analysis
| Systematic Reviews
