exam 1 nutrition Flashcards
what are the three types of carbohydrates?
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides`
what are the three types of monosaccharides
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
what are the three types of disaccharides
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
what are the two types of polysaccharides
- glycogen
- starch
what makes an oligosaccaride?
3-10 sugar units
what are the epithelial cells of the small intestine?
enterocytes
what do enterocytes release?
brush border enzymes
what are the three brush border enzymes
- lactase
- maltase
- sucrase
what is the purpose of brush border enzymes
to break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
where do monosaccarides get absorbed into?
enterocytes in the small intestine
two functions of enterocytes
- secrete enzymes
- absorb nutrients
which mechanism of nutrient absorption is used for glucose and galactose?
active transport
which mechanism of absorption is used for fructose
facilitated diffustion
glycogenesis
process of converting glucose to glycogen
where does glucose get used once absorbed
transported to tissues for energy or converted into glycogen for storage
lypogenesis
process of converting glucose to fat for storage
three types of lipids
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- sterols
what is the structure of triglycerides
- glycerol backbone
- 3 fatty acids
what is the structure of phospolipids
- glycerol backbone
- 2 fatty acids
- phosphate group
- nitrogen group (sometimes)
what is the structure of a sterol
4 carbon-hydrogen connected rings
what is the structure of a fatty acid
- carbon-hydrogen chain
- acid group (alpha side)
- methyl group (omega end)
short chain fatty acid
<8 carbons
medium chain fatty acid
8-12 carbons
long chain fatty acid
12+ carbons
saturated fatty acid
all carbons are paired a hydrogen
unsaturated fatty acid
more than one double bond
monounsaturated fatty acid
one double bond
polyunsaturated fatty acid
2+ double bonds
free radical
unpaired electron, thus chemically unstable
cis fatty acid
hydrogen on same side of double bond
trans fatty acid
hydrogen on opposite side of double bond
example of omega 3 FA
linoleic acid
example of omega 6 FA
alpha-linoleic acid
micelles
ball of monoglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins
chylomicron
lipoprotein composed of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
what is a protein
chains of amino acids linked with peptide bonds
how many amino acids are there?
20 amino acids
what is an essential amino acid
amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be eaten in diet
what is a non essential amino acid
amino acid that can be synthesized by the body
what is a conditional amino acid?
a non-essential amino acid that needs to be essential due to certain circumstances
what are the 9 essential amino acids
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Lysine
Leucine
how do nonessential amino acids gets metabolized
through transmition
nitrogen balance
nitrogen intake vs nitrogen excretion
what enzymes are used in protein digestion
- trypsin
- carboxypeptidase
chymotrypsin
what is deanimation
removal of amine group
