Exam 1 - Management Essentials for Pharmacists Flashcards
What do pharmacy managers do?
Multifaceted role involving operating the pharmacy and managing people who work there
- managing teams
- management styles
- valuing diversity
- communicating w/ success
What resources are managed by a pharmacy manager?
Money
People
Time
Material resources
Information
Roles of a pharmacy manager
- Direct supervisor
- Direct report
- Administrator of patient products and services
- Pharmacist colleague
- Pharmacist professional
(DDAPP)
What is the role of a direct supervisor?
Overseeing other personnel in the pharmacy such as:
- techs
- students/interns
- both licensed and non-licensed personnel
What are the expectations of a direct supervisor?
Communicate & direct pharmacy’s goals
Support direct reports as they accomplish tasks - including offering guidance, resources, training, and a listening ear
Develop and nurture an environment that will help direct reports succeed
Solve problems & answer questions quickly & accurately
Represent the views of your team to others, both inside and outside of the organization
What is the role of a direct report?
Reporting up to someone else, such as middle or senior manager or the pharmacy owner
Pharmacy manager may also interact w/ other senior management members
What is the role of the administrator of patient products and services?
Ensuring that the products and services needed by the targeted patient are available and maintained
Has to interact and communicate w/ people on the receiving end of these services, as well as those who assist in providing these services (ie wholesale distributors, suppliers)
What is the role of a colleague to other pharmacists
Participating as a member of a group of pharmacist professionals who may be consulted for mentoring, training, education, or advice
What are the expectations of a direct report?
Accept accountability for the pharmacy operations
Motivate direct reports to support organizational goals and initiatives
Formulate and follow up on pharmacy plans
Balance the group’s interests w/ those of others
Protect the reputations of superiors and the company
What were apothecaries?
Small pharmacies that bough bulk chemicals to make products
Usually family managed
What did apothecaries do?
Gave medical advice & remedies for healing
Also sold protective medications and chemicals
What are the expectations of the administrator of patient products and services?
Represent the pharmacy
Accept accountability for the pharmacy’s ability/inability to provide products or services
Provide methods or plans to ensure that products and services are available for acceptance, integration, and delivery
Do what is best for the pt
What are the expectations of a colleague to other pharmacists?
Represent the pharmacy
Share needed info & resources
Set agendas and build networks
Treat peers as partners
Do what is best for the organization and profession (professional advocacy)
Prescriptions prior to mid-20th century
Physicians did write them, but most med orders did NOT require an rx until the Durham-Humphrey Amendment
What was pharmacy practice like prior to the mid-20th century in terms of the role of the pharmacist?
Pharmacists compounded many prescriptions; most drugs weren’t manufactured
Many pharmacists were self-employed and management of the business was part of apprenticeship, then experiential learning
Pharmacist education requirements prior to the mid-20th century
Bachelor’s degree was NOT mandated until the 1920s, then it became a 4 year degree
What was pharmacy education rooted in prior to the mid-20th century?
Galenical pharmacy
Pharmacognosy
What is the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA, FDCA, FD&C)?
Set of laws passed in 1938 giving the FDA authority to oversee safety of:
- food
- drugs
- medical devices
- cosmetics
What is the Durham-Humphrey Amendment?
Amendment to the FDCA in 1951 that established two medication categories - Rx and OTC
Also defined which drugs require an Rx and which can be used safely without medical supervision
How was the Code of Ethics changed in the latter 20th century?
Changed to allow/encourage pharmacists to discuss therapeutic effectiveness of prescribed meds
Pharmacists often called ____
Chemists
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
Type of health insurance plan that provides care through a network of providers for a prepaid fee
Designed to reduce medical care cost, while still maintaining quality
What changes to medications were seen in the latter 20th century?
Meds were mass produced by manufacturers
Many new meds and dosage forms were discovered
How was pharmacy management taught in the latter 20th century?
Management and health systems offered as courses - usually very few credits and often only as electives
Pharmacy education in the latter 20th century
Began centering around medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutics
Additional years of education were added; 4 year BS —> 5 year BS —> PharmD
In the latter 20th century, pharmacists were said to have become ____ and _____
Overeducated
Underutilized
Prospective Payment System (PPS)
Medicare reimbursement method that pays a fixed amount for a specific service, rather than basing it on the actual services provided
Payment amount based on a classification system for the services, such as diagnosis related groups for inpatient hospital services
How did care change from the latter 20th century to today?
Evolved from pharmaceutical care to medication therapy management (MTM)
Emphasizes pt centric care and greater responsibility for health outcomes
Pharmacist employment in today’s pharmacy practice
Fewer independently owned stores
More responsible for management outcomes in chains/hospital practice
What is medication therapy management (MTM)?
Service that helps people better understand their meds & health conditions
Accreditation Council on Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
Recognizes the value of education in managerial sciences
It is now required in pharmacy schools, w/ many offering several additional electives and entire tracks in management
Some post-grad residencies are focused on managerial skills
What can MTM services include?
Review of all medications, including: Rx, OTC, vitamins, supplements
Written summary of the review
List of actions to help the pt track their progress
Education, counseling, resources
Coordination of care
