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PSIO569 - Reproductive Physiology > Exam 1 - Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Sperm and testosterone are both produced in the…

A

testes

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2
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

densely packed sperm producing portion of the testis that includes both Sertoli cells and developing sperm cells

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3
Q

What are the interstitial cells?

A

located in the connective tissue between loops of the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone, also called Leydig cells

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

conversion of undifferentiated germ cells into specialized sperm cells
(spermatogonia to spermatozoa)

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5
Q

When do germ cells appear? Describe the chromosomal composition.

A

before birth (all of them are present from birth)

46 chromosomes, 2n, 46 chromatids

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6
Q

Through mitosis, —– are produced. Describe the chromosomal composition.

A

primary spermatocytes

46 chromosomes, 2n, 92 chromatids

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7
Q

Through meiosis 1, —– are produced. Describe the chromosomal composition.

A

secondary spermatocytes

23 chromosomes, 1n, 46 chromatids

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8
Q

Through meiosis 2, —- are produced. Describe the chromosomal composition.

A

spermatids

23 chromosomes, 1n, 23 chromatids

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9
Q

Through spermiation, —- are produced. Describe the chromosomal composition.

A

spermatozoa

23 chromosomes, 1n, 23 chromatids

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10
Q

In what steps of the cell cycle are the sperm cells diploid (2n) vs. haploid (1n)?
At what stage do the cells move from diploid to haploid?

A

diploid during mitosis and meiosis 1

meiosis 1 produces haploid cells from diploid cells

haploid in meiosis 2 and spermiogenesis/spermiation

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11
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

prepared during metaphase of mitosis, shows all 46 chromosomes with 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

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12
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

division of the cell nucleus

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13
Q

What is the basic action completed during mitosis?

A

separation of the sister chromatids

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14
Q

Describe the overall results of mitosis.

A

In the germ cell, each chromosome has 2 chromatids, and they split apart so that 1 chromatid from each chromosome can go to each of the 2 daughter cells.
One daughter cell maintains the germ cell line, the other daughter moves through the rest of the cell cycle to produce spermatozoa.

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15
Q

Describe each step of mitosis

A

prophase - chromosomes condense (the two chromatids wind up into the X shape)

prometaphase - condense and spindle fibers attach

metaphase - meet in the middle (alignment)

anaphase - away (sister chromatids split apart and move to opposite poles)

telophase - chromosomes decondense and nuclear membrane forms around each “half”

(cytokinesis) - everything splits and 2 daughter cells are formed with identical info and 46 chromosomes each

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16
Q

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle where things are (dividing/not dividing).

It includes what phases?
What key event occurs during interphase?

A

Not dividing

G1, S, and G2

Chromosome duplication

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17
Q

What key event occurs during Meiosis 1?

A

separation of homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

What key event occurs during Meiosis 2?

A

separation of sister chromatids

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19
Q

Diploid and haploid only correlates with the number of ——, not the number of —–.

A

chromosomes, not chromatids (2n always has 46 chromosomes because they are in pairs, 1n always has 23 chromosomes because they are single, but a chromosome can have 1 or 2 chromatids at any time)

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20
Q

What do the chromosomes “look like” in a germ cell before mitosis?

A

There are 46 single strands, 1 from mom and 1 from dad for each of the 23 chromosomes. Therefore, 46 chromosomes, 2n, 46 chromatids

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21
Q

What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?

A

everything except the chromosomes is duplicated

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22
Q

What happens in the S phase of interphase?

A

each chromosome is duplicated (go from each chromosome being a single chromatid to 2 chromatids in an X shape)

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23
Q

Describe meiosis 1

A

begin with a primary spermatocyte that has 46 chromosomes which each have 2 chromatids (92 chromatids)
AKA - 23 pairs of Xs (46 Xs)

prophase - homologous chromosomes condense and pair up, have the chance to cross over

metaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes meet in the middle

anaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles

telophase 1 - nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

cytokinesis - full cell division, forms 2 secondary spermatocytes, each ends with 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids (23 Xs)

24
Q

Describe meiosis 2

A

begin with a secondary spermatocyte that has 23 chromosomes which each have 2 chromatids (46 chromatids)
AKA - 23 Xs

prophase 2- chromosomes condense, spindle fibers start

metaphase 2 - chromosomes meet in the middle (line up)

anaphase 2 - chromosomes split into 2 chromatids which move to opposite poles

telophase 2 - nuclear membrane forms around each set of single chromatid chromosomes

cytokinesis - full cell division, forms 2 spermatids, each ends with 23 chromosomes that have 1 chromatid each (23 chromatids)

25
Q

What changes during spermiation?

A

spermatids have cytoplasmic bridges that break, forming individual spermatozoa at the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

26
Q

What is the technical definition of spermiogenesis?

A

morphological differentiation and packaging that protects chromosomes from environmental damage

27
Q

When spermatozoa are released into the lumen, are they motile?

A

No

28
Q

What are the parts of the spermatozoa, and what is the basic function of each part?

A

acrosome - egg penetration
tail - motility
nucleus - chromosomes
mitochondrial sheath - energy

29
Q

How does the temperature of the testes differ from the core body temp?

A

2 degrees cooler

30
Q

How can temperature affect fertility?

A

hot tubs, cycling, heated car seats, and tight briefs can temporarily impair fertility

31
Q

What happens if the testes do not descend?

A

cryptorchidism (failure to descend)
can lead to permanent infertility because of irreversible damage to the germ cells

32
Q

What is the duct system for storage and transport of sperm?

A

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra

33
Q

How do sperm move through the seminiferous tubules once they are released?

A

fluid produced by the Sertoli cells washes the non-motile sperm through the tubules

34
Q

What do the epididymis and vas deferens do? (different functions)

A

E:
store, concentrate, and mature (testosterone dependent) sperm

VD:
movement of sperm and fluid through the ducts via peristalsis

35
Q

What do the ejaculatory ducts do?

A

transport of sperm during ejaculation

36
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

sperm transport during ejaculation
urine transport during urination
Keep urine and sperm separate

37
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

cutting of the vas deferens, sperm are still produced but cannot make it out of the penis

38
Q

Sperm makes up –% of semen

A

10%

39
Q

Accessory glands contribute –% of semen as seminal fluid

A

90%

40
Q

What are the three accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

41
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce and how much of the semen do they contribute?

A

60% of semen
prostaglandins
fructose
semenogelins

42
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

stimulate contraction of the female reproductive tract (aid in movement of sperm)

43
Q

What does fructose do?

A

primary energy source for sperm after they enter the female reproductive tract

44
Q

What do semenogelins do?

A

proteins that spontaneously coagulate after ejaculation to form a gel matrix that keep the sperm in the vagina after withdrawal

45
Q

What does the prostate produce and how much of the semen volume does it contribute?

A

30% semen volume
buffers and prostate specific antigen (PSA)

46
Q

What do buffers produced by the prostate do?

A

alkaline pH promotes viability of the sperm (combat the acidic environment of the female)

47
Q

What does prostate-specific antigen (PSA) do?

A

enzyme aids breakdown of gel matrix to release sperm (process of liquefaction)

48
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce and how much of semen volume does that contribute?

A

5% of semen volume
mucus

49
Q

What does mucus do?

A

aids lubrication during intercourse

50
Q

How much semen/how many sperm are there per ejaculate?

A

2-3 mL per ejaculate
60-100 million sperm/mL
= about 180 million sperm per ejaculate

51
Q

Testosterone affects the (what number?) but not the semen (?).

A

number of sperm, not the semen volume

52
Q

Can sperm be stored in the epididymis for very long? Why?

A

yes, several days
relatively inactive and low metabolic demand

53
Q

What is the total time for spermatogonium to become spermatozoa?
How many and how often are sperm produced?

A

64-74 days

asynchronous process that yields 100-200 million sperm per day (depends on testosterone)

54
Q

What are oligospermia and azoospermia?

A

oligospermia: few sperm cells ejaculated (low sperm count), less than 20 million/mL is considered infertile

azoospermia: no sperm cells ejaculated

55
Q

What is normal volume, liquefaction time, and viscosity for a semen analysis?

A

volume - greater than 2 mL
liquefaction time - less than 60 minutes
viscosity - moderate to low

56
Q

What is normal concentration, motility, and WHO morphology for a semen analysis?

A

concentration - 20 million per mL
motility - more than 50%
WHO morphology - more than 15%

57
Q

Liquefaction time would increase if…

A

prostate-specific antigen decreases
semenogelins increase

PSIO569 - Reproductive Physiology (22 decks)

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