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Bio 181 > exam 1 lecture material > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the “blind watch maker”

A

natural selection

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2
Q

what are characteristics of living things (4)

A
  1. Complex
  2. Able to change in response to
    environment
  3. Able to reproduce
  4. Have the capacity to evolve
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3
Q

what is any system featuring a large number of interacting components whose aggregate activity is nonlinear (not derivable from the summations of the activity of individual components) and typically exhibits hierarchical self-organization under selective pressures.

A

a complex system

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4
Q

9 things living things do

A

evolve, maintain homeostasis, maintain order, acquire materials and energy from their environment, consist of one or more cells, grow and develop, perceive and process
ambient information, store replicate and process
hereditary information, reproduce

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5
Q

All life (as well as other forms of matter) are built of _____

A

atoms of basic elements

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6
Q

proton, neutron, and electron masses

A

1, 1, negligible

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7
Q

what is it when the same atoms have different numbers of neutrons and different masses

A

isotopes

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8
Q

what give off energy in the form of radiation from the nucleus

A

radioisotopes

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9
Q

This radioactive decay transforms the atom - it changes in the number of ______.

A

neutrons

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10
Q

Radioactivity can interact with ____

A

matter

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11
Q

Biologically speaking, the ______ are most important

A

electrons

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12
Q

The electron orbitals define the ________ of each substance: What other elements can combine and in what form with a given element.

A

chemical reactivity

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13
Q

Chemical behavior of atoms is determined by their _______

A

electron configuration

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14
Q

Sharing the same number of valence electrons gives elements ______ chemical properties

A

similar

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15
Q

is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bonding

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16
Q

______ is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

A

A covalent/molecular bond

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17
Q

what takes more energy to break a short triple bond, or a long single bond?

A

short triple bond

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18
Q

_____ can be used to date the age of fossils

A

Isotopes

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19
Q

Some toxic elements are dangerous because they ____ chemical properties with essential elements and can ____ them in our bodies.

A

share, replace

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20
Q

Living organisms require certain elements in order to grow and reproduce, what are they? what are the four most common our of the 6?

A

C, H, N, P, S and O

C, H, N, and O

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21
Q

_____ is chemically similar to magnesium and can replace it in enzymes

A

Beryllium

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22
Q

what element is useful in treating depression and other conditions

A

Lithium

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23
Q

________ considers how the balance of energy and elements affects and is affected by organisms and their interactions in ecosystems

A

Ecological stoichiometry

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24
Q

The presence or absence of key elements can ____ influence agriculture, biodiversity, and other issues

A

strongly

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25
Q

Plant growth is often limited by the presence of available _____ in the soil.

A

nitrogen

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26
Q

A lack of available nitrogen prevents the plants from growing to their potential, what color do they turn

A

yellow

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27
Q

how was nitrogen deficiency in plants solved?

A

artificial fertilizer

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28
Q

Where do we see a ‘dead zone’ each year as a result of cultural eutrophication?

A

In the Gulf of Mexico where the Mississippi River meets the ocean.

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29
Q

Water is a (polar/ non polar) molecule

A

polar

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30
Q

water is (hydro phobic/philic)?

A

hydrophilic

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31
Q

The chemical properties of ____ are important for life as we know it on earth.

A

water

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32
Q

____ is a measure of the concentration of protons in solution

A

pH

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33
Q

formula for pH

A

pH= -log [H+]

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34
Q

pure water has pH of __

A

7

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35
Q

pH is ____ regulated in the tissues and cells of our bodies
The pH of blood is slightly basic at around ____
The pH of our stomach rumen is strongly acidic at _______

A

carefully, 7.4, 1.5 to 3.5 pH.

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36
Q

Carbon dioxide released due to human activities are absorbed by the oceans resulting in ______

A

more acidic water

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37
Q

pH has important _____ impacts

A

physiological and biological

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38
Q

Ocean acidification _____ affects organisms that grow shells out of calcium carbonate.

A

negatively

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39
Q

what is life chemical backbone

A

Carbon

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40
Q

what can carbon form

A

single, double, and triple bonds, and isomers

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41
Q

whats an isomer

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

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42
Q

Many functional groups are polar and Thus allow carbon compounds to become ____ in the cell’s aqueous environment

A

Soluble

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43
Q

Proteins are composed of ______

A

amino acids

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44
Q

what is a chain of amino acids

A

peptide

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45
Q

what is a long continuous unbranched peptide chain

A

polypeptide

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46
Q

what is the primary protein structure?

A

sequence of chain of amino acids, looks like beads on bracelet

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47
Q

what is the secondary protein structure?

A

local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets, looks like DNA or ribbon

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48
Q

what is the tertiary protein structure?

A

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain connections, looks like see through worms

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49
Q

what is the quaternary protein structure?

A

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain, looks like different worms

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50
Q

All life on earth is built with proteins composed of the same ___ amino acids

A

20

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51
Q

Peptide bonds form when the _____ atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined with the ____ atom in the amino group of the next in a covalent linkage.

A

carbon, nitrogen

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52
Q

The sequence of amino acids (and their chemical properties) determines how the protein will ____ into its three-dimensional structure

A

fold

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53
Q

what do nucleic acids contain

A

information

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54
Q

_______ is the genetic material for all organisms

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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55
Q

_______ is a key player in protein synthesis and the regulation of gene expression.

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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56
Q

what is the only difference between the structures of RNA and DNA

A

there is a hydroxide (OH) bonded to the bottom right carbon in the sugar in RNA and a hydrogen atom (H) bonded to the bottom right carbon in the sugar in DNA

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57
Q

DNA and RNA are composed of three components, what are they?

A

a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate groups

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58
Q

whats the backbone for RNA and DNA

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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59
Q

The bases in nucleotides are built from nitrogen-containing rings and are of two types:

A

pyrimidines and purines

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60
Q

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

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61
Q

what are the pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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62
Q

whats the difference in terns id pyrimidines between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has Uracil and DNA has Thymine

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63
Q

Which is double and which is single helix between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double and RNA is single

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64
Q

how is DNA pyrimidines and Purines held together

A

hydrogen bonds

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65
Q

_______ in the DNA is stored in the sequence, or order, of successive nucleotides.

A

Genetic information

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66
Q

Sugars belong to a class of molecules called ____

A

carbohydrates

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67
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are _____

A

isomers

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68
Q

A simple sugar is called a

A

monosaccharide

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69
Q

Open chain monosaccharides can form one of two ______

A

stereoisomers

70
Q

what is a stereoisomer

A

each of two or more compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms

71
Q

Two simple sugars combined with a covalent bond is called a ______

A

disaccharide

72
Q

Two simple sugars combine by means of a ______

A

glycosidic bond

73
Q

Simple sugars combine in many ways to form ____

A

polysaccharides

74
Q

Starch is easily digested by we humans. An enzyme in our saliva, ______, starts to break down starch even before it gets to our stomachs.

A

amylase

75
Q

Cellulose is difficult to impossible for us to digest due to our _____

A

lack of the proper enzymes

76
Q

_____ is an important form of energy storage in our bodies

A

Glycogen

77
Q

Endurance athletes ‘hitting the wall’ = depletion of _____

A

glycogen stores

78
Q

Lipids: Chemically diverse group of molecules that are all _____

A

hydrophobic

79
Q

Why do we need fats (lipids) in our diet

A
  • Provides long-term energy storage

* Keeps our bodies warm

80
Q

whats an Examples of Triacylglycerols:

A

Fats stored in adipose tissue Olive Oil and Corn Oil

81
Q

Fatty acids differ in the _____ of their ______

A

length, hydrocarbon chain

82
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats have double bonds making them bent while saturated fats have single bonds making them straight

83
Q

trick to remember saturated vs unsaturated

A

saturated straight

84
Q

______ as they are called (because of the orientation of added hydrogen molecules) raise LDL and lower HDL and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

A

‘Trans-fats’

85
Q

_______ was produced as an alternative to animal fats such as lard – presented as a healthier alternative

A

Partially hydrogenated oil

86
Q

Doctors generally recommend consuming ______ fats (like olive oil) in place of ______ fats.

A

monounsaturated, saturated

87
Q

The ______ of fatty acids depend upon their length and level of saturation due to Van der Waal’s forces

A

melting points

88
Q

trend for increasing melting point of fatty acids

A

saturated is higher than unsaturated

longer has higher than shorter

89
Q

______ such as cholesterol are biologically important lipids

A

Steroids

90
Q

______ is a component of animal cell membranes

A

Cholesterol

91
Q

Cholesterol serves as a precursor for the synthesis of _____ such as estrogen and testosterone.

A

hormones

92
Q

what is the Lock-and-key kind of fit between the shapes, charges, hydrophobicity, and/or other physical properties of two biological molecules that allow formation of multiple non-covalent interactions between them at close range.

A

Molecular complementarity

93
Q

Ions, and polar molecules, especially those that form hydrogen bonds with water are

A

hydrophilic

94
Q

Nonpolar molecules such as hydrocarbons that interact with each other, but not with water, are

A

hydrophobic

95
Q

______ are very important for the Functioning of membranes and membrane-bound proteins

A

Hydrophobic interactions

96
Q

Cell membranes are composed of ______, called the _______

A

two layers of phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer

97
Q

Phospholipids will _______ form structures when added to neutral water

A

spontaneously

98
Q

All evidence suggests that membranes developed from ____, but their composition and function ______

A

straightforward physical processes, evolved over time

99
Q

The famous _____ experiment created more than 20 amino acids by attempting to simulate the atmospheric conditions of early earth

A

Miller-Urey

100
Q

While there are a huge number of possible amino acids that can be synthesized, only ___ amino acids are used by life-forms on earth to build proteins. These can differ in their _____ which add different chemical properties to each amino acid.

A

20, side chains (R – groups)

101
Q

What are the three main categories of amino acids

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and special

102
Q

what are the three special amino acids

A

Cysteine, Glycine, and Proline

103
Q

whats special about Glycine

A

Small enough to fit small spaces and Increases flexibility in polypeptide

104
Q

whats special about Proline

A

Restricts rotation of C-N bond, thus imposing constraints on protein folding

105
Q

whats special about cysteine

A

forms disulfide (S-S) bonds when in proximity with another Cysteine, helps thee overall shape of a protein

106
Q

The _____ can be formed in experiments that duplicate what conditions may have been like on early earth.

A

building blocks of life

107
Q

______ of amino acids determine the structure of proteins.

A

Chemical properties

108
Q

Membranes and proteins can _____ form due to simple chemical interactions.

A

spontaneously

109
Q

Some complex proteins require the help of ______ to be assembled.

A

chaperones

110
Q

Chemical reactions can be _______ and may require the investment of activation energy to proceed.

A

exothermic or endothermic

111
Q

In an exothermic reaction, what has higher energy, the reactants or the products?

A

Reactants

112
Q

In an endothermic reaction, what has higher energy, the reactants or the products?

A

Products

113
Q

______ help to lower the activation energy (energy barrier) and thus speed up chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

114
Q

How do enzymes work

A

induced fit model

115
Q

explain the induced fit model

A

the substrate and enzyme enter the active site, the substrate and enzyme combine into a specific shape, the enzyme and substrate leave the active site

116
Q

_____ can often be important in the work of enzymes

A

Cofactors and coenzymes

117
Q

_______ proteins are at the root of many illnesses, including some cancers and cystic fibrosis as well as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases.

A

Improperly folded

118
Q

______ are protein complexes that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

119
Q

_____ is the way cells generate energy

A

Cellular respiration

120
Q

All cells require ______

A

input of free energy

121
Q

Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the ______ in fuel molecules into the chemical energy of ______, which can be used by cells.

A

chemical energy, ATP

122
Q

_______ is the power house of the cell

A

Mitochondria

123
Q

who is mitochondria inherited from

A

your mother

124
Q

does mitochondria have its own DNA or does it replicate the DNA of what it attaches too?

A

its own

125
Q

Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose gets turned into ____

A

ATP

126
Q

Cellular respiration is an overall _______ process

A

exothermic

127
Q

how efficient is cellular respiration

A

34%

128
Q

_____ is the universal currency of energy for living things

A

ATP

129
Q

Even though plants can use sunlight as a source of energy, they also utilize ______ to break down carbohydrates.

A

cellular respiration

130
Q

Cellular respiration is an example of _____, where larger molecules are being broken down.

A

catabolism

131
Q

what are the three stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

132
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

133
Q

where does citric acid cycle and electron transport chain take place

A

mitochondria

134
Q

Respiration is a series of ______

A

exothermic redox reactions

135
Q

_______ is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

A

Oxidation

136
Q

______ is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

A

Reduction

137
Q

When a molecule is oxidized, it ____ energy.

A

loses

138
Q

When a molecule is reduced, it _____ energy

A

gains

139
Q

what is an example of reduction in cellular respiration

A

gaining a hydrogen since theres an e- in it

140
Q

What is the reduced form between

ADP and ATP
NAD+ and NADH
FAD and FADH2

A

ATP
NADH
FADH2

141
Q

which has a higher energy state, the oxidized or reduced form in coenzymes

A

the reduced form

142
Q

How many ATP is produced in Glycolysis? In CAC? In ETC?

A

2, 2, 34

143
Q

How many NADH is produced in Glycolysis? In CAC? In ETC?

A

2, 8, N/A

144
Q

How many FADH2 is produced in Glycolysis? In CAC? In ETC?

A

N/A, 2, N/A

145
Q

why should the pH in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria be lower that he matrix

A

due to the higher concentration of protons in the inter-membrane space, theres more H+’s which lower the pH

146
Q

what are nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA

147
Q

The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

A

anabolism

148
Q

the process of the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy

A

catabolism

149
Q

what is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen

A

fermentation

150
Q

what are the products of fermentation

A

organic acids, gases, or alcohol

151
Q

where does fermentation occur

A

in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.

152
Q

n the absence of oxygen, fermentation allows cells to continue _______

A

glycolysis

153
Q

what are the two types of fermentation

A

lactic acid, Homolactic, and ethanol fermentation

154
Q

In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing energy by the ______ of organic nutrients anaerobically

A

degradation

155
Q

Fermentation turns _____ and _____ produced in glycolysis into _____ and an _____ which varies depending on the type of fermentation

A

NADH, pyruvate, NAD+, organic product

156
Q

_________(producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. The pyruvate from glycolysis[9] undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming lactic acid.[2][10] It is unique because it is one of the only respiration processes to not produce a gas as a byproduct. Overall, one molecule of glucose (or any six-carbon sugar) is converted to two molecules of lactic acid: C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CHOHCOOH

A

Homolactic fermentation

157
Q

The _______ of ATP is a key regulator of cellular respiration

A

intracellular level

158
Q

(High/Low) ATP = no need for more ATP, respiration is then inhibited

A

High

159
Q

(High/Low) ATP = a need for more ATP, respiration is stimulated.

A

Low

160
Q

ATP regulates ________ allosterically – an example of feedback inhibition.

A

phosphofructokinase

161
Q

what is fermentation a constant loop through

A

glycolysis

162
Q

does fermentation need O2

A

no

163
Q

were conditions 4 billion years ago anaerobic or aerobic

A

anaerobic

164
Q

does glycolysis need O2

A

no

165
Q

In aerobic respiration, _____ serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain - which overall generates much more ATP than does glycolysis or fermentation

A

oxygen

166
Q

as ATP increases, the activity of the phosphofructinase (lowers/raises)

A

lowers

167
Q

ATP regulates phosphofructokinase allosterically – an example of ________

A

feedback inhibition

168
Q

what are two ways enzymes can be regulated

A

noncompetitive (allosteric) and competitive inhibition

169
Q

Very often in biological systems, the end product of a series of events also acts as a ______

A

regulator

170
Q

______ inhibition occurs when some inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for a spot on the active site of the enzyme

A

Competitive

Bio 181 (5 decks)

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