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Clin Path > Exam 1: Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 5 Flashcards

0
Q

increased MCV tells you what?

A

regenerative anemia

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1
Q

MCV formula

A

(HCT / RBC count) x 10

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2
Q

some interesting MCV species characteristics

A

dogs have the biggest RBCs (highest MCV), chickens are big too, goats are tiny!

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3
Q

MCHC tells you what?

A

average amount of Hgb in RBCs

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4
Q

MCV tells you what?

A

size of RBCs

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5
Q

what 3 things will artifactually increase your MCHC (hyperchromic) <– no such thing!

A
  1. lipemia
  2. heinz bodies
  3. intravascular hemolysis
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6
Q

what will cause MCHC to decrease?

A

Fe deficiency anemia

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7
Q

macrocytosis

A

= big RBCs

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8
Q

how do you describe an anemia with lots of young RBCs?

A

macrocytic

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9
Q

what is persistent hypernatremia (dogs and cats)?

A

when isotonic fluid rushes into the RBCs bc they contain more solute and are thus hypertonic relative to the solution in the analyzer. this will dilute out your Hgb and make RBCs look bigger.

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10
Q

what is spurious macrocytosis and what causes it?

A

things that artifactually increase your MCV:

  • prolonged blood storage before assay (sitting in salt)
  • persistent hypernatremia
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11
Q

if you have chronic definiciency anemia, what type of anemia will you have?

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia

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12
Q

what things cause microcytosis in animals?

A
  • chronic iron deficiency anemia
  • portosystemic shunts
  • anemia of inflammatory disease
  • some japanese dog breeds
  • copper deficiency
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13
Q

what type of anemia do you see with portosystemic shunts? why?

A

microcytic, normochromic

  • when you have a disease in the liver, it messes up your lipid metabolism. so your RBCs wont be formed right, they will be smaller.
  • it is normochromic bc you are not losing any iron
  • you just have a smaller cell bc your liver is messed up bc you arent getting adequate blood flow to the liver
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14
Q

why does Cu deficiency cause microcytosis in large animals?

A

bc you need Cu to utilize Fe properly in the gut. this only applies to large animal, not small animal

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15
Q

what type of anemia do you see with chronic inflammatory disease? why?

A

normocytic, normochromic

you can have a mild microcytosis in chronic inflammatory diseae. but typically fi the body undergoes chronic inflammation, the body thinks there is some bacterial inflammation and will sequester its iron (in liver, bone marrow, spleen). so now the body cant use iron to make hemoglobin which causes microcytosis

16
Q

spurious microcytosis in animals

A

salt content of blood can affect how RBC looks. when sitting in high salt it will make water rush out of cell and make it look like a spheroechinocyte

17
Q

what causes high MCHC values? what is it called? is it real?

A
  • lipemia
  • heinz bodies
  • intravascular hemolysis

hyperchromia
NOT REAL!

18
Q

Exam Q: What causes low MCHC? what is it called?

A

Fe deficiency anemia - can’t make enough Hgb

hypochromic

19
Q

Red cell distribution width - what does it mean when its wide?

what is the signifiance

A

there are a lot of big and small RBCs in the blood. should always look at blood film if its big

means you have regenerative anemia!

20
Q

is it normal to have a big RDW in large animals?

A

yes, particularly bovines bc they have a ton of anisocytosis (cells of unequal size)

21
Q

what are some causes of increased RDW?

A
  • Fe deficiency anemia with increased microcytes

- erythrocyte fragmentation

22
Q

iron metabolism: whats important to remember?

A

iron is an oxidizing agent. if you have too much, it will start to oxidize everything and turn your blood to rust. the amount we have is kept in Hgb

23
Q

what do serum concentrations look like with hemolytic anemia?

A

in hemolytic anemia, you lyse all your RBCs in circulation so you would have INCREASED serum iron concentration and INCREASED serum Hgb concentration

24
Q

what do serum iron concentrations look like with chronic inflammatory disease?

A

functionally DECREASED iron concentration bc even though you have it, your body can’t access it

25
Q

EXAM Q: if you have anemia of chronic inflammatory disease do you have the iron?

A

yes, you just cant utilize it

26
Q

EXAM Q: what is the relationship between iron levels and chronic inflammatory disease?

A

you have plenty of iron you just cant utilize it. the body sequesters iron in reaction to interleukins and cytokines released due to inflammation bc it thinks there is a bacterial infection due to inflammation.

27
Q

ferritin tests

A

if you want to know if animal has anemia due to chronic inflammatory disease do a ferritin test. if it has chronic inflammatory disease it will have a ton of ferritin (storage form of iron) and if it had iron defieincy anemia, you wouldn’t see any

28
Q

what happens when Hgb becomes oxidized (oxyhemoglobin rxn)?

A

blood is literally brown bc metehemeglobin is hemoglobin that has been oxidized and can no longer bind to oxygen. mucus membranes will turn gray bc those RBCs can now no longer transport O2 effectively

29
Q

when do you see oxyhemoglobin reactions (oxidized Hgb rxns)?

A

mostly in large animal due to copper toxicity.

30
Q

EXAM Q: does oxidized hemoglobin want to bind to O2?

A

no, once hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobinemia, it no longer wants to bind to O2

31
Q

cyanotic appearing skin

A

gray mucus membranes as a result of hypoxemia with low pO2 in arterial blood (like due to methemoglobinemia)

32
Q

what RBC morphology do you see with over oxidized blood?

A
  • heinz bodies

- eccentrocytes

33
Q

causes of methemoglobinemia?

A
  • administration of oxidant drugs (will cause heinz bodies and eccentrocytes)
  • hereditary erythrocyte methemoglobin reductase (blue people)
34
Q

clinical signs of methemoglobinemia

A
  • cyanotic appearing skin and mm
  • decreased exercise tolerance
  • lethargy
  • rapid heart rate
  • rapid respiratory rate
  • coma like state
35
Q

clinical signs of toxicity leading to methemoglobinemia

A

this occurs if animal ate something that causes methemoglobinmeia

  • vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea
  • SC edema, especially of face like with acetaminophen toxicity

Clin Path (6 decks)

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