Exam 1: Lecture 2

Question 0

what type of RBC precursor does not contain a nucleus but still contains some RNA?

what does it mean when you see them in circulation?

Answer 0

reticulocyte

seeing them in circulation means you don’t have enough RBCs so they came out early. you don’t see them unless the animal is anemic

Question 1

what type of RBC precursor will we sometimes see in circulation? it contains a nucleus

Answer 1

metarubricyte

Question 2

degenerative left shift

prognosis?

Answer 2

when you have more early precursors (like metas and bands) than mature neutrophils

prognosis is usually bad bc it means bone marrow can’t keep up with infection

Question 3

immature precursors > mature

Answer 3

= degenerative left shift

Question 4

immature < mature (but still more immatures than you should) =

Answer 4

regenerative left shift

Question 5

regenerative left shift

Answer 5

you have left shifted which means you have more precursors than you should, but in a regenerative left shift, mature blood cells still outnumber immature cells in circulation. the fact that bone marrow is throwing out early precursors but not enough to outnumber mature cells tells you the bone marrow is keeping up with infection

Question 6

what do you look at when assessing anemia in large animal?

Answer 6

fibrinogen. large animals don’t have the neutrophil reserves that small animals do which is why you will NEVER see early precursors like reticulocytes or polychromatophils in circulation in large animal.

Question 7

when large animals have low numbers of neutrophils what do you automatically suspect?

Answer 7

salmonella

Question 8

what is a megakaryocyte

Answer 8

platelet precursor

Question 9

pancytopenia

Answer 9

decreased RBCs
decreased platelets
decreased neutrophils

Question 10

what are the 3 big lines of important cells?

Answer 10

RBCs, platelets and neutrophils

Question 11

reasons for bone marrow exams?

Answer 11

1. staging lymphoas or mast cell tumors
2. unexplained hypercalcemia
3. search for FUO
4. evaluate iron stores

Question 12

what type of anemia will you see most often?

Answer 12

anemia of chronic inflammatory disease

Question 13

what stain do you use for iron?

Answer 13

prussian blue

Question 14

what happens if you do a bone marrow exam and you see both RBC precursors and a ton of iron?

Answer 14

you will know the animal has concurrent inflammatory infection because the body is sequestering iron which prevents body from making new Hgb which means you can’t make new RBCs

Question 15

what type of bone marrow biospy should you do? why?

Answer 15

bone marrow core biopsy

it multiplies your chances of finding disease

Question 16

cytopenia

Answer 16

decreased number of blood cells

Question 17

EXAM Q: what may be the cause of unexplained cytopenia (decreased production)

Answer 17

may involve two or all 3 cell lines

pancytopenia - when you have decreased production of hte big 3: RBC, platelets, and neutrophils

Question 18

leukemia =

Answer 18

cancer that starts in the bone marrow

Question 19

lymphoma =

Answer 19

cancer that starts in the lymph node

Question 20

marrow examination: unexplained cells in the circulation

Answer 20

• persistent thrombocytosis
• persistent leukocytosis
• neutrophilic left shift without inflammation

Question 21

a bunch of blast cells present in circulation may indicate…

Answer 21

leukemia

Question 22

marrow examination with hyperproteinemia may be indicative of what?

Answer 22

1. multiple myeloma (if you had nothing but plasma cells)
2. lymphoid neoplsia
3. leishmaniasis

Question 23

whats cool about ID’ing plasma cells?

Answer 23

• they have an eccentric nucleus (cartwheel nucleus)
• has pale staining region next to nucleus which is the Golgi apparatus that is full of antibody which will help you dx condition

Question 24

whats an example of an infectious agent you will find in a bone marrow examination? this one used to have a very high mortality rate among cats…

Answer 24

cytauxzoon schizonts

Question 25

what might you find in a bone marrow exam that would explain hypercalcemia? how?

Answer 25

multiple myeloma

• you will see “punched out lytic lesions” or pale staining areas of the golgi apparatus in plasma cells
• the holes releases Ca which explains the hypercalcemia

Question 26

what type of metastatic neoplasms might you find in a bone marrow examination and what would it look like?

Answer 26

mast cell tumor

• they should have nice purple staining granules

Question 27

what should you know about the M:E ratio?

Answer 27

its your myeloid to erythroid ratio and it should always be around 1

Question 28

what cell type will be absent in horses? what does this mean for tx in horses with anemia?

Answer 28

retics!

so you can’t just look at the blood to see if its responding to rx. you either need to do a bone marrow biopsy or a serial PCV.

Question 29

reticulocytes and polychormatophils are the same thing when

Answer 29

a reticulocyte with new methylene blue = polychromatophil with giemsa wright or G. siemsa

Question 30

what makes pus green and what is its significance?

Answer 30

a neutrophilic cell type called a progranulocyte contains red granules called priamry granules that contain miroperoxidase - this is what makes pus green.

green pus means you have a bacterial infection. broken down miroperoxidase is green which means the neutrophil has killed bacteria!

Question 31

what color is hemosideran on a wright-giemsa stain?

Answer 31

black!