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Clin Path > Exam 1: Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 3 Flashcards

0
Q

erythrocyte evaluations: Hct, Hgb and RBC counts tell you what? what do we use most?

A

they all tell you how many RBCs are in the body. we use HCT and PCV the most

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1
Q

reading hematologic test results: erythron, leukon, thrombon

A

erythron - tells you everything about RBCs
leukon - tells you everything about WBCs
thrombon - tells you everything about platelets

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2
Q

what indices tell you what is going on and help you describe the type of anemia?

A

erythrocyte indices: MCV and MCHC

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3
Q

what type of stain should you use to look for aggregated retics?

A

new methylene blue

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4
Q

what type of stain should you use to look for polychromatophils?

A

wright giemsa

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5
Q

what should you know about birds and anything with scales?

A
  1. they have nuclei in their RBCs

2. they have heterophils instead of neutrophils

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6
Q

what is the only species that has a central pallor that takes up 1/3 - 1/2 of the RBC?

A

the dog!

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7
Q

anisocytosis =

this is typical in what animal?

A

cells of unequal size

the bovine!

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8
Q

poikocytosis =

A

cells of different shape

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9
Q

of the three, which is best - Hct, Hgb, RBC count?

A

HCT

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10
Q

what do we use to find PCV? HCT?

A

we use Hct tubes to find PCV

we use an analyzer to find HCT

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11
Q

what is the formula for HCT?

A

(MCV x RBC) / 10

just know that we look at MCV and RBC count when determining HCT

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12
Q

what three things can falsely increase Hgb values?

A
  1. lipemia
  2. heinz bodies
  3. nuclei in non-mammals or nRBCs
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13
Q

acanthocyte =

what does it tell you to look at and why?

A

RBC with messed up lipid membrane - which tells you to look at the liver because the liver is where you do all of your lipid processing and cholesterol storage

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14
Q

what part of the cell tells you if there is enough Hemoglobin?

A

the color - if its too light, that means there is not enough

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15
Q

what should you give an animal with macro agglutination

A
  1. prednisone bc the animal is attacking its own RBCs
  2. a blood transfusion to give the animal RBCs that can carry O2
  3. AFTER giving a blood transfusion, you can put them in an O2 tank to help perfuse O2 throughout the body
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16
Q

how many days does it take the bone marrow to pump out new RBCs?

A

3 - 4 days

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17
Q

what holds RBCs together in agglutination? what cell is attracted to these compounds?

A

antibody and complement

neutrophils

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18
Q

hypochromasia =

what is it indicative of?

A

when the central pallor takes up nearly the entire cell bc hemoglobin (MCHC) is too LOW.

means there is bleeding

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19
Q

what can cause hypochromasia?

how do you know when an animal has hypochromasia

A

hypochromasia = low Hgb content

  • not enough iron
  • bleeding

when central pallor = > 1/2 of cell

20
Q

poikilocytosis =

normal in what animals? abnormal in what animals?

A

weirdly shaped RBCs

  • normal in goats and young cattle
  • may indicate liver disease or cancer in dogs
21
Q

drepanocyte

A

sickle shaped cell seen in deer once their RBC is exposed to O2

22
Q

echinocyte

normal in what animals?

A
  • symmetrically spiked RBC
  • normal in pigs
  • will happen to dog’s blood if you expose it to high salt
23
Q

dacrocyte =

normal in what animals?

A

tear-drop shaped RBC

normal in goats

24
Q

when will you see echinocytes in dogs?

A

when their blood is exposed to high salt, like sitting too long in a purple top tube which contains K-EDTA.

  • if bitten by a snake
  • pyruvate kinase deficiency
25
Q

spheroechinocytes

A

seen only with snake venom

26
Q

Exam Q: will have to ID an acanthocyte. name some disease processes associated with this cell type

A
  • liver disease (which is where you store your cholesterol and cholesterol transporters): if your cholesterol is messed up due to your messed up liver then your RBCs will start to look weird
  • hemangiosarcoma (tumor of blood vessels): bits of RBCs get torn off when going thru tumor
  • glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney): bad hypertension will blow out tiny glomeruli (which are the smallest capillaries in body) so you start urinating protein including antithrombin which is the main hormone that prevents you from going into DIC
27
Q

keratocyte

A

looks like a little blister on RBC that eventually pops and then you have little edges left over

28
Q

what two fragmentation morphologies are associated with liver disease?

A

keratocytes and acanthocytes

29
Q

how long do RBCs last?
platelets?
neutrophils?

A 
RBCs = 100 days
platelets = 10 days
neutrophils = 10 hours
30
Q

when do you see keratocytes?

A
  • Fe deficiency anemia

- liver disorders

31
Q

shistocytes =

when do you see this?

what causes this?

A

fragmented cells that have been clothes lined by fibrin and just totally cut up in a process called ERYTHROCYTE FRAGMENTATION

  • see this in dogs with DIC
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • liver disease
  • hemangiosarcoma
32
Q

erythrocyte fragmentation

when is this seen?

A

occurs in DIC when fibrin - the end product of the co ag cascade - builds up and cuts up or “clothes lines” RBCs causing RBCs to become fragmented

  • vasculitis <– see this all the time
  • Fe deficiency
  • liver disease
  • hemangiosarcoma
33
Q

what 3 RBC changes are seen in blood smears with fragmentation?

A

keratocytes, acanthocytes, shistocytes

34
Q

stomatocytes

A

don’t really need to know - all you need to know is that they are RBCs that central pallor is shaped like a mouth.

always an artifact, due to blood being really thick

35
Q

EXAM Q: spherocyte =

A

can only be seen in dogs:

RBC with no central pallor.

36
Q

EXAM Q: mechanism behind spherocytes

A

broccoli and cheese sauce theory:
seeing spherocytes means you have immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). when you have IMHA, you have complement and antibodies sticking on all the RBCs. when they go thru the spleen, the macrophages see the antibodies and complement and eat them bc they are yummy, leaving behind only the piece of the RBC not covered in antibody or complement; this piece of the RBC is called a spherocyte.

37
Q

where do we see IMHA most?

A

see it most in middle aged females

38
Q

if you see a spherocyte that means the dog has_____

A

IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia)

39
Q

elliptocytes are normal for what animals?

A

llamas, alpacas, camels

40
Q

ghost cells

A

cells that have lysed in circulation from INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

41
Q

What causes multiple shape abnormalities?

A 
liver disorders (bc of cholesterol phospholipids)
chronic iron deficiency anemia
42
Q

what will you often see concurrently with chronic iron deficiency anemia?

A

thrombocytosis bc there is an issue with erythropoietin (factor for RBC) and thrombopoietin (factor for platelets) resulting in more platelets. the only significance to this is that it helps with dx

43
Q

when do we see nucleated erythrocytes and what are they most of the time?

A

metarubricytes and rubricytes

seen mostly in regenerative anemias and lead toxicity

44
Q

what do we see with Pb toxicity?

A

an aberrant metocytosis:

  • bunch of nucleated RBCs
  • not anemic
  • bunch of polychromatophils (indicates regenerative response)

which cant explain why bone marrow is kicking out RBCs so then you start to think Pb toxicity

45
Q

eccentrocytes

A

when Hgb on RBC becomes oxidized and sticks to only part of the cell, leaving the other part colorless. this occurs when there is oxidative damage done to Hgb.

  • see often with heinz bodies.
46
Q

what stain is easiest to see heinz bodies?

A

new methylene blue stain

47
Q

what types of oxidative damage do we see to RBCs?

A
  • eccentrocytes
  • heinz bodies
  • howell-jolly bodies (micronuclei)
48
Q

howell jolly bodies (micronuclei)

A

another kind of oxidative damage in which you see micronuclei in the cell

Clin Path (6 decks)

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