Exam 1 (Lecture 1-9) Flashcards
Histology is the study of microscopic anatomy of cells and _____.
Tissues
List the 4 major types of tissues.
1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Muscle 4) Nervous
Where might simple columnar epithelial be found?
Ileum; Intestine
Where might simple cuboidal epithelial be found?
Kidney
Where might stratified squamous epithelial be found?
Skin
Where might transitional epithelial be found?
Ureter; Bladder
Who was considered the “father of modern histology” and introduced the notion that tissues are distinct entities and diseases attach tissues rather than whole organs or the body?
Marie Francois Xavier Bichat
Who pioneered the concept of pathological processes by applying the cell theory (all living things are made of cells and come from preexisting cells)?
Rudolph Carl Virchow
Schleiden was a botanist that recognized the ____ is the essential unit of the living organism. Also erroneously developed that cells arise by budding from the nucleus.
Cell
Schwann was a zoologist that compared animal cells to ____ cells and distinguished five classes of tissues.
Plant
Who are the scientists credited with discovering all living things are composed of cells?
Schleiden and Schwann
Kolliker applied Schwann’s theory of five tissues to _____ development of animals and wrote first book on histology.
Embryology
Janssens (uncles and nephew) produced the first what? With what level of magnification?
Microscope; 30x
Who described cork and other cells and introduced the term “cell”?
Robert Hooke
Anthony Leeuwenhoek made over 247 simple microscopes capable of what level magnification? Where did he send 26 of these microscopes?
100x; To the Royal Society
What is the bending of light from one medium to another?
Refraction of Light
Light waves transmitted through a vacuum travel at a (fixed/variable) velocity.
Fixed
Velocity of Light / Velocity of light inside transmitting medium
Refractive Index (R.I.)
The refractive index (R.I.) of air is…
1
The 2 factors that affect degree of light bending are:
1) Refractive Index (R.I) 2) Angle the light strikes the surface
Light striking a perpendicular surface will go (straight/angled).
Straight
The measurement for the refractive power a lens has are…
Diopters
1 diopter = 1 ____ / Focal length of a lens
Meter
Convex lens is shaped like a…
Football
The point through which all parallel rays of light will pass after passing through each part of the lens is called the…
Focal point
T/F – The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point is called the diopter length.
False – It’s called the focal length.
What image is formed when the object is placed outside the focal point? Name some characteristics of this image.
Real Image – Inverted; Can be projected onto a screen; Differs in size from the object (greatest magnification will be obtained from lenses having a very short focal length with the object as close as possible to the focal point)
What image is formed when the object is placed inside the focal point? Name some characteristics of this image.
Virtual Image – Not inverted; Cannot be projected onto a screen; Can be magnified; No points exist at any plane in space at which rays radiating from the object are brought to focus.
The ability of a microscope (or any optical instrument) to distinguish two small points as separate points is called…
Resolution
Resolution is achieved by reducing the diameter of _____ lines around the two points.
Diffraction
List the 5 components of a Compound Light Microscope.
1) Light source 2) Condenser 3) Stage 4) Objective lens 5) Ocular lens
Based on the pros and cons, what microscope am I talking about? Ability to magnify, ability to resolve structural detail, specimen must be thin, and little contrast in unstained specimen.
Compound Light Microscope
What microscope can be used to examine unstained cells and tissues, examine living cells, and allows to see transparent objects?
Phase Contrast Microscope
What microscope allows very thin optical images of specimen to be created, out-of-focus images to be subtracted from image by computer program, and let’s the computer make 3D reconstructions of the specimen by stacking images?
Confocal Scanning Microscope
What microscope uses a beam of electrons rather than light?
Transmission Electron Microscope
Name the steps to prepare tissues for observation under a microscope.
1) Fixing 2) Dehydration 3) Removal of alcohol 4) Embedding
______ prevents further deterioration of the tissue specimen and helps to harden the tissue prior to embedding and sectioning.
Fixing
One of the most widely used fixing agents is called…
Formalin
_____ fixatives fix chromatin, nucleoli, and spindle fibers but not mitochondria or nucleoplasm. Give examples.
Acid; Carnoy’s fluid, Zenker’s fluid, Bouin’s fluid
Type of acid fixative; Mixture of alcohol, chloroform, and glacial acetic acid. Useful for preserving glycogen in animal tissues.
Carnoy’s fluid
Type of acid fixative; Contains potassium dichromate, mercuric chloride, and glacial acetic acid. Useful for sharp histological details, but must be washed carefully to prevent black crystals.
Zenker’s fluid
Type acid fixative; Contains picric acid, formalin, and glacial acetic acid. Used generally and gives good cytological detail.
Bouin’s fluid
_____ fixatives can be used to fix tissues where mitochondrial staining is desired. In this procedure, chromatin is dissolved.
Basic
Type of basic fixative. Contains potassium dichromate, ammonium dichromate, copper sulfate, and distilled water. Requires a long fixing time (2 days) and washing under running water.
Zirkle-Erliki fixative
Because the tissue sample will eventually be embedded and infiltrated with a hydrophobic material (usually paraffin), all the water must be removed from the tissue in a process called…
Dehydration (use ethanol)
_____ consists of replacing the alcohol with an agent such as xylene or cedar oil. This makes tissues more transparent.
Clearing
In embedding, the tissue is moved through several melted ____ baths.
Paraffin (waxy substance)
What are the fixatives used for TEM?
Gluteraldehyde (preserves proteins by cross-linking them); Osmium tetroxide (Reacts with lipids and imparts electron density to cell and tissue structures)
What substance is used in TEM for embedding? How do the tissue samples differ in TEM due to this?
Monomeric resin (epoxy resin); Tissue samples are typically much smaller, less than 1 mm3
It is easier to lay tissue specimen in order with a (hand-held/rotary) microtome.
Hand-held
Because animal tissues are colorless, and to help them see better or tell us more about the tissue, scientists will ____ the tissue.
Stain
To prepare for staining a tissue, _____ is removed by using _____.
Paraffin; Xylene
Stains routinely used that display structural features are…
H and E (hematoxylin and eosin)
What stains are used specifically to reveal elastic material?
Orcein and resorcin fuchsin stains
What stain is useful to show reticular fibers and basement membranes?
Silver impregnation
Fat-soluble stains are used to demonstrate lipids. An example of this stain is…
Sudans
______ dyes for staining react with the anionic groups of tissue components such as phosphate groups, sulfate groups, and carboxyl groups. Give examples of these dyes. (High pH)
Basic; Methyl Green, Methylene Blue, Pyronine G, Toluidine Blue
_____ dyes for staining bind to tissue components by forming electrostatic linkages with cationic groups such as the amino groups of proteins. Give examples of these dyes. (Low pH)
Acidic; Acid fuchsin; Aniline blue, Eosin, Orange G
The phenomenon whereby a dye changes color after reacting with a tissue component is called…
Metachromasia
An example of a metachromatic stain is…
Toluidine blue; Appears blue but can stain red-purple
Histochemistry is the study of the _______ of cells and tissues.
Chemistry
_________ can be used to study the presence of specific tissue constituents (antigens) by using monoclonal antibodies.
Immunocytochemistry
Schiff reagent reactions are dependent on the formation of (aldehyde/ketone) groups following exposure to HCl or periodic acid. This is a type of histochemical staining technique.
Aldehyde
Name the 2 types of Schiff reagent reactions:
Fuelgen reaction and Period acid-Schiff reaction (PAS)
Mild hydrolysis with HCl exposes aldehyde groups on deoxyribose and the Schiff reagent reacts with the aldehyde groups to form a deep-pinkish color. What reaction is occurring?
Fuelgen reaction
Periodic acid is used to cleave bonds between adjacent carbons of carbohydrates and form aldehyde groups and Schiff reagent reacts with aldehyde groups to form a deep-pinkish color. What reaction is occurring?
Periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS)
The (apical/basolateral) domain are the surfaces of the cell in contact with a lumen or external environment. Contains surface modifications such as cilia or microvilli.
Apical
The (apical/basolateral) domain are the surfaces of cells that are locked together by special junctional complexes with neighboring cells as well as the surface opposite the (apical/basolateral) domain. In contact with basement membrane and surrounding cells.
Basolateral; Apical
T/F – Epithelial tissues are avascular and innervated.
True
The (endoderm/ectoderm/mesoderm) include the skin epidermis and glands.
Ectoderm
The (endoderm/ectoderm/mesoderm) include the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, including glands.
Endoderm
The (endoderm/ectoderm/mesoderm) include the lining of blood vessels, mesothelium, and Bowman’s capsule.
Mesoderm
Epithelial tissues sit on top of what membrane?
Basement
What are the 2 components of the basement membrane?
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
_______ and ______ are 2 special types of epithelial tissue.
Pseudostratified and Transitional
When the epithelium appears stratified, but all cells are in contact with the basal lamina, it’s called….
Pseudostratified
Epithelium from the skin is usually (heavily/lightly) keratinized.
Heavily
Epithelium from the vagina and esophagus is usually (heavily/lightly) keratinized.
Lightly
All cells in this epithelium are in contact with the basal lamina, but the dome-shaped surface cells and location of the nuclei make it appear stratified.
Transitional
What type of epithelial tissue is found in vessels, lining lumina of ducts, walls of alveoli, Bowman’s capsules, and inner surfaces of membranous labyrinth and tympanic membrane?
Simple squamous
What type of epithelial tissue is found on the surface of ovaries, pigmented epithelium of retina, kidney tubules (Microvilli - brush border), gland and ducts, terminal bronchioles, choroid plexus, and anterior capsule of lens of eye?
Simple cuboidal
What type of epithelial tissue is (ciliated/non-ciliated) and found in upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, and central canal of spinal cord?
Ciliated simple columnar
What type of epithelium tissue is (ciliated/non-ciliated) and found in digestive tract beginning with the cardia of the stomach, gall bladder, and in parts of the excretory ducts of glands?
Non-ciliated simple columnar
Intestinal cells have (cilia/microvilli) on the apical surface of their (simple/stratified) columnar epithelium.
Microvilli; Simple
This type of epithelial tissue is seldom found but may occur in small areas of anal mucosa, large excretory ducts of some glands, and part of the male urethra.
Stratified cuboidal
This type of epithelium is seldom found but may occur in the ducts of adult sweat glands, fornix of the conjunctiva of the eye, parts of the male reproductive/urinary tract, the pharynx, and the epiglottis.
Stratified columnar
What is the difference between microvilli and stereocilia?
They are similar, but stereocilia are longer and are often branched.
This type of epithelium is found in the trachea (ciliated), and in the epididymis (stereocilia).
Pseudostratified
This type of epithelium is found in the urinary system, also referred to as urothelium.
Transitional
Epithelium tissue either functions to _____ & line or to be _____.
Cover; Glandular
Epithelial tissue can have either ____ or ____ barriers to maintain concentration differences.
Tight; Leaky
Microvilli are finger-like projections of the apical membrane that are (motile/non-motile).
Non-motile
The main purpose of the brush border formed by microvilli is to…
increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli is made of an _____ filament core and extends into the ______ web (a network of cytoskeletal proteins under apical membrane of the cell).
Actin; Terminal
Cilium is (motile/non-motile).
Motile
Cilium has ___ peripheral doublets and a central pair of microtubules.
9
The peripheral doublets within cilium contain an ____ and ____ tubule.
Alpha; Beta
Alpha tubules in cilium contain ___ protofilaments, ____ spokes (extending to sheath around central pair of microtubules), and pairs of ____ arms projecting to Beta unit of next doublet.
13; radial; dynein
The central pair of microtubules in cilium are composed of ___ protofilaments each.
13
Beta tubules in cilium contain ___ protofilaments.
10-11
The cell membrane is made of a ______ bilayer.
Phospholipid
The phospholipid bilayer consists of (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) heads and (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) tails.
Hydrophilic; Hydrophobic
These are small patches of cholesterol and sphingolipids in the cell membrane that compartmentalize cellular processes by serving as organizing centers for assembly of signaling molecules, influencing membrane fluidity, membrane protein trafficking, and regulating neurotransmission and receptor trafficking.
Lipid rafts
_______ is not an integral part of the membrane. It protects the cell from ionic and mechanical stress, serves as a barrier against microorganisms, and is involved in cell-to-cell interactions.
Glycocalyx
These proteins can be removed more easily than integral proteins and are found on both the outer and inner leaflets of the cell membrane, facing either the extra or intracellular fluid.
Peripheral proteins
These proteins are embedded within the cell membrane and span the lipid bilayer one or more times or are anchored to the bilayer but do not fully pass through it.
Integral proteins
These are a type of integral protein that pass completely through both phospholipid layers of the membrane. Typically serve as channel and transporter proteins.
Transmembrane proteins
This is the movement of particles from high to low concentration with no ATP and no transport molecules.
Diffusion
This is a type of diffusion where a solvent (water) is diffused across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration with no ATP and no transport molecules.
Osmosis
A type of diffusion from high to low concentration that requires transport molecules but not ATP.
Facilitated diffusion
