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LS 2 > Exam 1 Lec 4 Enzymes > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lec 4 Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the combination of all chemical reactions

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2
Q

2 types of metabolism are:

A

Catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building)

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3
Q

In a closed system, no matter enters or leave. (T/F)

A

T

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4
Q

Free energy, aka ______ energy, is the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work.

A

Gibbs

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5
Q

How to calculate delta G (Gibbs)

A

The energy of product - the energy of reactant

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6
Q

Exergonic reactions:

A
  • Release energy: (-) delta G

- Spontaneous

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7
Q

Endergonic reactions:

A
  • Absorb energy: (+) delta G

- Non-spontaneous

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8
Q

Total energy is _______; usable energy is _______.

A

enthalpy (H); free energy (G)

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9
Q

Entropy

A

The measure of disorder in a system

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10
Q

Energy coupling

A

Energy released from one reaction is used by another reaction

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11
Q

Thermodynamics refers to the ____________.

Kinetics refers to the ________________.

A 
free energy (delta G);
rate of reaction
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12
Q

Free energy determines the ________ but not its _______.

A

direction; rate

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13
Q

Enzyme remains _________ before, during, and after catalyzing the reaction. Therefore, enzymes are ______.

A

unchanged; reusable

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14
Q

Substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme by:

A

induced fit

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15
Q

Bioenergenetics

A

Flow of energy through a biological environment

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16
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

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17
Q

Kinetics vs potential

A

moving energy; storing energy

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18
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be either created or destroyed

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19
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

As reactions occur, free energy decreases, usable energy disorder increases, thus entropy increases

20
Q

Thermodynamic

A

Free energy (quantity)

21
Q

Kinetic

A

Rate of reactions (quality)

22
Q

Specific enzymatic action: must function within their ____________

A

proper pH

23
Q

List 3 enzymes and their proper pH ranges.

A

Pepsin (~2 pH)
Amalyse (~6.8-7 pH)
Arginase (~9 pH)

24
Q

Hexokinase

A
  • Regulates glucose in blood
  • Add a phosphate to glucose to make G6P
  • Antagonist
25
Q

How does hexokinase regulate the glucose level in blood?

A

When too much:

  1. increase hexokinase
  2. increase insulin
  3. beta cells activated
  4. carry glucose back to the liver
  5. storing glucose as glycogen

When not enough:

  1. decrease hexokinase
  2. increase glycogen
  3. alpha cells activated
  4. carrying glucose to cells
26
Q

Inhibition

A

Rendering the enzyme in an inactive state

27
Q

3 types of inhibitions:

A
  • Natural (body turns it on and off as needed)
  • Artificial (foreign substances interfere with the proteins)
  • Genetically
28
Q

Competitive inhibition

A
  • Concentration dependent
  • Both binds to active site
  • Both have high affinity to the active site
29
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A
  • Concentration independent
  • Inhibitor always win
  • Allosteric inhibition
30
Q

Sickled cell anemia

A
  • Protein mutation
  • Pointed red blood cell
  • If serious, need blood transfusion
  • Lack/deficiency of oxygen
  • Genetic mutation: from glutamic acid (-) to Valine (0)
31
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

A
  • Receptor mutation
  • Liver cell have receptors that take in LDL (low density lipid- cholesterol)
  • Decrease or absence of LDL receptors causes the accumulation of LDL in blood
32
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A
  • Enzymatic mutation
  • Phenylalanine found in equal/diet cake
  • Mutation in enzyme that converts PKA -> tyrosine
  • Accumulation of PKA is toxic
33
Q

Synapse is _______________ junction.

A

neuromuscular

34
Q

Communication of proteins requires:

A
  • Preprogrammed synaptic neurons and signals
  • Adequate ligands
  • Adequate ligand-gated channels
35
Q

What allows the release of neurotrasmitters?

A

Entering of Ca2+ into the pre-synaptic neurons causes it to release the neurotransmitters

36
Q

Synaptic cleft:

A

Gap between the pre- and post- synaptic neurons

37
Q

2 proteins and their mechanisms in regulating the synaptic actions:

A
  • Re-uptake protein (located at pre-synaptic), recycle the neurotransmitters
  • Degrading protein (located at post-synaptic), destroy the neutransmitters
38
Q

Anesthesia Awareness:

A

Failing to have proper amount of pain repressant

39
Q

In a surgery, to anesthetize a patient, we need:

A
  • Proper sleeping agent
  • Proper muscle relaxant
  • Proper pain repressant
40
Q

DIPF (diisopropylphosphofluoridate)

A
  • Blocks acetylcholine esterase, which breaks down acetylcholine
  • Muscles will not relax, always active
41
Q

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)

A
  • Inhibits serotonin reuptake
42
Q

MAO inhibitor (monoaminooxidase inhibitor)

A
  • Blocks the degrading enzyme
43
Q

Curane

A
  • Toxic
  • Blocks ACh receptors
  • Use as relaxant during surgery
44
Q

Caffeine

A
  • Blocks adenosine receptor (dopamine transporter protein blocker- DAT) for dopamine reuptake
  • In turn allows dopamine to stay longer, increase alertness
45
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Blocks dopamine transports

- Increase dopamine acitivity

LS 2 (4 decks)

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