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LS 2 > Exam 1 Lec 2 Cell > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lec 2 Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

-F = -Kx

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2
Q

Robert Hooke termed __________

A

cells (celluae)

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3
Q

Antoni van Leewenhoek is known as _________________________. He is first to report _________________. Discovered _____________.

A

the father of microbiology; single celled organisms; animalcules

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4
Q

__________ studied the first live cell.

A

Antoni van Leewenhoek

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5
Q

Matthias Schleiden observed __________.

A

plant cells

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6
Q

Theodor Shwann observed __________.

A

animal cells

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7
Q

Who made the first statement of the cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden

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8
Q

Cell theory:

A
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • It is the smallest unit of life
  • All organisms are composed of cells
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9
Q

Cells must _____________ and ____________ with each other.

A

stick together; communicate

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10
Q

Cells are less than _______.

A

0.2 nm

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11
Q

Single cell than we can see with a naked egg?

A

Egg

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12
Q

Resolution of an unaided eye:

A

0.2 mm

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13
Q

Resolution of a light microscope:

A

0.2 micro-m

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14
Q

Resolution of an electron microscope:

A

0.2 nm

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15
Q

What limits cell size?

A

Surface area, and volume

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16
Q

Efficiency of a cell is determined by:

A

Its surface area to volume ratio

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17
Q

How to measure cell efficiency?

A

By measuring its input and output

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18
Q

Function of a cell is its ___________________________.

A

capacity to carry out chemical reactions

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19
Q

Surface area is increased faster than the volume. (T/F)

A

F

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20
Q

When the surface area to volume decreases, efficiency __________.

A

increases

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21
Q

Surface area indicates the cell’s ability to ________ materials.

A

obtain

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22
Q

Volume indicates the cell’s ability to ________ materials, which also means how much ________ occur within the cell.

A

use; activities

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23
Q

What has a nucleoid?

A

Prokaryote

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24
Q

Prokaryotes do not have cell wall. (T/F)

A

F

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25
Q

Prokaryotes do not have capsules. (T/F)

A

F

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26
Q

What functions are required to ensure cells survival?

A
  • Obtain energy
  • Express genetic materials (protein synthesis)
  • Process biochemical reactions
  • Eliminate waste products
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27
Q

Cytoplasm holds ________ and ________.

A

cytosol; organelles

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28
Q

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are _______ the endomembrane.

A

outside

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29
Q

What is the use of cholesterol at the plasma membrane?

A

Provide fluidity to the membrane

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30
Q

Cholesterol are used for ________ interactions.

A

hormones

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31
Q

Two types of proteins at the plasma membrane:

A

Peripheral (just on one side), and integral (span the entire bilayer)

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32
Q

Integral proteins can either embed entirely or partially. (T/F)

A

T

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33
Q

Saturated means more ________, unsaturated means more _________.

A

solid; liquid

34
Q

DNA structure difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

In prokaryotes: circular DNA

35
Q

Plasma membrane is a _____________ barrier. It received information from ________ cells, and ______________ signals. It allows the cell to maintain a __________ internal environment. It has molecules for _______ and ______ to adjacent cells.

A

selective permeable; adjacent; extracellular; constant; binding; adhering

36
Q

ER stands for:

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Rough ER is responsible for __________, whereas smooth ER is responsible for ___________.

A

Protein synthesis; lipid synthesis

38
Q

ER is an extensive network of membrane tubules called __________.

A

cisternae

39
Q

Rough ER is studded with _________, while smooth ER is not.

A

ribosomes

40
Q

Rough ER is continuous with ___________________, it carries out protein synthesis; proteins are synthesized as ______________.

A

nuclear membrane; glycoproteins

41
Q

Functions for smooth ER: (4)

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • detoxification of drugs and alcohols
  • storage of ions
42
Q

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened ______________________ and small membrane-enclosed ___________.

A

membranous sacs; vesicles

43
Q

Which organelle receives proteins from ER and further modify them?

A

The Golgi apparatus

44
Q

The Golgi apparatus ___________, ___________, and _______ proteins before they are sent to their destinations.

A

concentrates; packages; sorts

45
Q

All polysaccharides for plant cell walls are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus. (T/F)

A

F; only some

46
Q

The Golgi apparatus either ________ or _______ the protein that is incorrect.

A

recycle; destroy

47
Q

Proteasome:

A

Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins

48
Q

The sequence tag that allows the body to know what to do next is called:

A

Ubiquitin-tagged protein

49
Q

Lysosome are made in ___________, and then shipped to ________________. It breaks down food and foreign materials brought into the cell by _____________.

A

rough ER; the Golgi apparatus; phagocytosis

50
Q

Which organelles contains lots of enzymes that function in acidic environment?

A

Lysosomes

51
Q

Autophagy

A

A normal physiological process in the body that deals with destruction of cells

52
Q

Lysosomes are classified as:

A

Primary lysosomes (by itself) and secondary lysosomes (when it fuses with others)

53
Q

____________________: Lipid accumulates in lysosomes of nerve cells in the brain because lysosomes lack a specific enzyme called _______________. Thus, it cannot digest lipid deposit, fatty derivatives called ____________.

A

Tay-Sachs disease; Hexosaminidase A; gangliosides

54
Q

5 subparts in mitochondria:

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
55
Q

Mitochondrion has its own’s ______ and ________.

A

DNA; ribosomes

56
Q

What organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes?

A

Mitochondria, and chloroplast

57
Q

__________, also called ____________, are small organelles that are specialized to compartmentalize toxic peroxides and break them down. They convert ______ to _________.

A

Peroxisomes; microbodies; hydrogen peroxide; water

58
Q

___________ are structurally similar to peroxisomes, but they are found in plants. It converts _________ to ________.

A

Glyoxysomes; fatty acids; sugar

59
Q

Nuclear pores are about _______ in diameter. It regulates the information processing functions through _____ protein complexes.

A

9 nm; 8

60
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A network of filaments inside the envelope that interact with chromatin and helps support the envelope’s attachment

61
Q

Nuclear envelopes

A

Separate DNA transcription from translation

62
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomes are synthesizes

63
Q

Chromatin

A

Fibrous combination of DNA and proteins, all interlocked together

64
Q

Nucleus has a ______________ membrane. It has nuclear _____ and nuclear ______.

A

double-layered; lamina; matrix

65
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton:

A

Microfilaments (narrowest); intermediate filaments; microtubules (thickest)

66
Q

Cytoskeleton gives the cell ________ and provides _________.

A

shape; structure

67
Q

Microtubules are formed by __________________.

A

tubulin dimers

68
Q

Microfilament is for _______ and ________. Intermediate filaments hold things _________. Microtubules function in ______ and serves as ______ in the cell; also function in ________________.

A

shape; tension; anchored; support; tracks; cell division

69
Q

Microtubules line the interior of certain movable appendages on eukaryotic cells, they are ______ and _______.

A

Cilia (occurs in hundreds); flagella (single or in pair)

70
Q

Motor proteins bind and move along ____________.

A

Microtubules

71
Q

_______ works by undergoing a reversible shape change that required chemical energy. It binds between two neighboring ________ ___________, and moves attached organelles to the ______ end of the tubulin.

A

Dynein; microtubule doublets; negative

72
Q

_______ is a protein that cross links the microtubules doubles, preventing them from sliding too far apart.

A

Nexin

73
Q

_______ “walks” protein vesicles to the _____ end of the tubulin.

A

Kinesin; positive

74
Q

Cilia beats ________________, flagella beats in _________ motion.

A

back and forth; propeller

75
Q

What organelles can be found in plant cells but not in animals cells?

A
  • Large central vacuole
  • Chloroplast
  • Cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Plastids
76
Q

Plastids store ________, has its own ______ and _____, similar to __________.

A

pigments; DNA; ribosomes; mitochondria

77
Q

_______ and _______ are examples of plastids. The first store the starch. The second control the pigment of the cell.

A

Amyllplast; chromoplast

78
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

The passageway that traverses the cell wall

79
Q

Vacuoles in plant cells store ______ and _______. Vacuoles develop _______ pressure, a swelling that helps the plant cell maintain support and rigidity.

A

wastes; pigments; turgor

80
Q

Cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells contain: (3)

A

Nucleoid, ribosomes, cytosol

81
Q

Capsule in prokaryotic cells is made of:

A

polysaccharides

82
Q

Some bacteria, like ______________, can carry on photosynthesis.

A

cyanobacteria

LS 2 (4 decks)

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