Exam 1 Lec 2 Cell Flashcards
Hooke’s Law
-F = -Kx
Robert Hooke termed __________
cells (celluae)
Antoni van Leewenhoek is known as _________________________. He is first to report _________________. Discovered _____________.
the father of microbiology; single celled organisms; animalcules
__________ studied the first live cell.
Antoni van Leewenhoek
Matthias Schleiden observed __________.
plant cells
Theodor Shwann observed __________.
animal cells
Who made the first statement of the cell theory?
Matthias Schleiden
Cell theory:
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- It is the smallest unit of life
- All organisms are composed of cells
Cells must _____________ and ____________ with each other.
stick together; communicate
Cells are less than _______.
0.2 nm
Single cell than we can see with a naked egg?
Egg
Resolution of an unaided eye:
0.2 mm
Resolution of a light microscope:
0.2 micro-m
Resolution of an electron microscope:
0.2 nm
What limits cell size?
Surface area, and volume
Efficiency of a cell is determined by:
Its surface area to volume ratio
How to measure cell efficiency?
By measuring its input and output
Function of a cell is its ___________________________.
capacity to carry out chemical reactions
Surface area is increased faster than the volume. (T/F)
F
When the surface area to volume decreases, efficiency __________.
increases
Surface area indicates the cell’s ability to ________ materials.
obtain
Volume indicates the cell’s ability to ________ materials, which also means how much ________ occur within the cell.
use; activities
What has a nucleoid?
Prokaryote
Prokaryotes do not have cell wall. (T/F)
F
Prokaryotes do not have capsules. (T/F)
F
What functions are required to ensure cells survival?
- Obtain energy
- Express genetic materials (protein synthesis)
- Process biochemical reactions
- Eliminate waste products
Cytoplasm holds ________ and ________.
cytosol; organelles
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are _______ the endomembrane.
outside
What is the use of cholesterol at the plasma membrane?
Provide fluidity to the membrane
Cholesterol are used for ________ interactions.
hormones
Two types of proteins at the plasma membrane:
Peripheral (just on one side), and integral (span the entire bilayer)
Integral proteins can either embed entirely or partially. (T/F)
T
Saturated means more ________, unsaturated means more _________.
solid; liquid
DNA structure difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
In prokaryotes: circular DNA
Plasma membrane is a _____________ barrier. It received information from ________ cells, and ______________ signals. It allows the cell to maintain a __________ internal environment. It has molecules for _______ and ______ to adjacent cells.
selective permeable; adjacent; extracellular; constant; binding; adhering
ER stands for:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER is responsible for __________, whereas smooth ER is responsible for ___________.
Protein synthesis; lipid synthesis
ER is an extensive network of membrane tubules called __________.
cisternae
Rough ER is studded with _________, while smooth ER is not.
ribosomes
Rough ER is continuous with ___________________, it carries out protein synthesis; proteins are synthesized as ______________.
nuclear membrane; glycoproteins
Functions for smooth ER: (4)
- lipid synthesis
- carbohydrate metabolism
- detoxification of drugs and alcohols
- storage of ions
The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened ______________________ and small membrane-enclosed ___________.
membranous sacs; vesicles
Which organelle receives proteins from ER and further modify them?
The Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus ___________, ___________, and _______ proteins before they are sent to their destinations.
concentrates; packages; sorts
All polysaccharides for plant cell walls are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus. (T/F)
F; only some
The Golgi apparatus either ________ or _______ the protein that is incorrect.
recycle; destroy
Proteasome:
Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins
The sequence tag that allows the body to know what to do next is called:
Ubiquitin-tagged protein
Lysosome are made in ___________, and then shipped to ________________. It breaks down food and foreign materials brought into the cell by _____________.
rough ER; the Golgi apparatus; phagocytosis
Which organelles contains lots of enzymes that function in acidic environment?
Lysosomes
Autophagy
A normal physiological process in the body that deals with destruction of cells
Lysosomes are classified as:
Primary lysosomes (by itself) and secondary lysosomes (when it fuses with others)
____________________: Lipid accumulates in lysosomes of nerve cells in the brain because lysosomes lack a specific enzyme called _______________. Thus, it cannot digest lipid deposit, fatty derivatives called ____________.
Tay-Sachs disease; Hexosaminidase A; gangliosides
5 subparts in mitochondria:
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane
- Intermembrane space
- Cristae
- Matrix
Mitochondrion has its own’s ______ and ________.
DNA; ribosomes
What organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes?
Mitochondria, and chloroplast
__________, also called ____________, are small organelles that are specialized to compartmentalize toxic peroxides and break them down. They convert ______ to _________.
Peroxisomes; microbodies; hydrogen peroxide; water
___________ are structurally similar to peroxisomes, but they are found in plants. It converts _________ to ________.
Glyoxysomes; fatty acids; sugar
Nuclear pores are about _______ in diameter. It regulates the information processing functions through _____ protein complexes.
9 nm; 8
Nuclear lamina
A network of filaments inside the envelope that interact with chromatin and helps support the envelope’s attachment
Nuclear envelopes
Separate DNA transcription from translation
Nucleolus
Where ribosomes are synthesizes
Chromatin
Fibrous combination of DNA and proteins, all interlocked together
Nucleus has a ______________ membrane. It has nuclear _____ and nuclear ______.
double-layered; lamina; matrix
3 types of cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments (narrowest); intermediate filaments; microtubules (thickest)
Cytoskeleton gives the cell ________ and provides _________.
shape; structure
Microtubules are formed by __________________.
tubulin dimers
Microfilament is for _______ and ________. Intermediate filaments hold things _________. Microtubules function in ______ and serves as ______ in the cell; also function in ________________.
shape; tension; anchored; support; tracks; cell division
Microtubules line the interior of certain movable appendages on eukaryotic cells, they are ______ and _______.
Cilia (occurs in hundreds); flagella (single or in pair)
Motor proteins bind and move along ____________.
Microtubules
_______ works by undergoing a reversible shape change that required chemical energy. It binds between two neighboring ________ ___________, and moves attached organelles to the ______ end of the tubulin.
Dynein; microtubule doublets; negative
_______ is a protein that cross links the microtubules doubles, preventing them from sliding too far apart.
Nexin
_______ “walks” protein vesicles to the _____ end of the tubulin.
Kinesin; positive
Cilia beats ________________, flagella beats in _________ motion.
back and forth; propeller
What organelles can be found in plant cells but not in animals cells?
- Large central vacuole
- Chloroplast
- Cell wall
- Plasmodesmata
- Plastids
Plastids store ________, has its own ______ and _____, similar to __________.
pigments; DNA; ribosomes; mitochondria
_______ and _______ are examples of plastids. The first store the starch. The second control the pigment of the cell.
Amyllplast; chromoplast
Plasmodesmata
The passageway that traverses the cell wall
Vacuoles in plant cells store ______ and _______. Vacuoles develop _______ pressure, a swelling that helps the plant cell maintain support and rigidity.
wastes; pigments; turgor
Cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells contain: (3)
Nucleoid, ribosomes, cytosol
Capsule in prokaryotic cells is made of:
polysaccharides
Some bacteria, like ______________, can carry on photosynthesis.
cyanobacteria
