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LS 2 > Exam 1 Lec 3 Membrane > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lec 3 Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

Where water is found?

A
  • Blood
  • Cytosol
  • Interstitial fluid
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2
Q

66% of water in our body can be founded in:

A

Cytosol

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3
Q

The content of interstitial fluid is going to determine _____________________.

A

what is permeable to the site

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4
Q

Environment of the interstitial fluid: (6)

A
  • Concentration of salt, and other electrolytes
  • Concentration of energy-riched molecules
  • Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Concentration of waste product
  • pH
  • Temperature
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5
Q

Cells vary in ______ and _______.

A

shape; function

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6
Q

Two types of membrane proteins: _________ and _________. They function in ________, __________, and ________ _________.

A

peripheral; integral; junctions; transport; chemical signaling

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7
Q

Cell-to-cell junctions: (3)

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
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8
Q

Desmosomes

A

Provide rigidity for neighboring, resist a lot of pulling and pushing, make sure neighboring cells are anchored together

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9
Q

Tight junctions; name the type of protein that is specific for gap junctions

A

Push cells very close to each other to minimize the interstitial space in between them to prevent paracellular pathways; in parts of body where lots of movement occur; to ensure permeability is through the cells, but not between the cells

*Occludin

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10
Q

Have a very high control over ___________ pathway; whereas cannot control over ___________ pathway, like leaking

A

transcellular; paracellular

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11
Q

Gap junctions; name the type of protein that is specific for gap junctions

A

Openings between neighboring cells; facilitates exchanges between neighboring cells; promotes synchronized moves

*Connexon (6 subunits of connexin)

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12
Q

Where can we find

a) demosomes
b) tight junctions
c) gap junctions

A

a) skin/muscle
b) digestive system/urinary system
c) heart/lungs/brain

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13
Q

Diffusion can occur through _______________, and _______________.

A

lipid bilayer; ion channels for specific ions

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14
Q

The ______ lipid-soluble the molecule, the _____ rapidly it diffuses

A

more; more

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15
Q

How does water move across the membrane?

A
  • Through lipid bilayer

- Through aquaporins

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16
Q

Osmosis is passive or active transport; water diffuse from _____ concentration of solute to ______ concentration of solute

A

Passive; high; low

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17
Q

Types of solution that direct water movement:

A

Isotonic, hypertonic (water out; cell shrink), and hypotonic (water in; cell burst)

18
Q

Polar and charged substances do not diffuse across the lipid portion of the lipid. (T/F)

A

T

19
Q

List 4 gating mechanisms for the channels:

A
  • Voltage gated
  • Stretched gated
  • Phosphorylation gated
  • Ligand gated
20
Q

Voltage-gated channel

A

By charge:

  • extracellular positive, cytoplasm negative -> close
  • extracellular negative, cytoplasm positive -> open

*brain cells

21
Q

Stretch gated channel

A

By stretching:

  • loosen -> close
  • tighten -> open

*skin cells, hair cells in the ear

22
Q

Phosphorylation gated channel

A

ATP/ phosphate in the cytoplasm -> open
without -> close

*nervous system cells; muscles

23
Q

Ligand gated channel

A

lock and key, aka receptor gated channel

*nervous system cells; muscles

24
Q

Voltage-, ligand-, stretch-, and phosphorylation-gated channels are all by ________ diffusion.

A

simple

25
Q

Passive transport, aka ___________ transport, are ______________ proteins of quaternary structure creating a pore for substance pathway. Also included _______ _______.

A

channel; transmembrane; carrier proteins

26
Q

Channel transport requires input of energy. (T/F)

A

F; channel transport is another name for passive transport

27
Q

_________ transport is highly specific. It is used to transport larger molecules, or against the concentration gradient. It is ______ than ion channels.

A

Mediated; slower

28
Q

2 types of mediated transports:

A
  • Active transport (needs energy)

- Facilitated diffusion (does not need energy)

29
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

From high to low concentration; does not require energy; can become saturated

30
Q

Ion channels are facilitated diffusion. (T/F)

A

F

31
Q

In active transport (2):

A
  • Requires energy

- Against concentration gradient

32
Q

Active transport has three types of transporters:

A
  • Uniport transporters (1 solute, 1-way)
  • Symport transporters (2 solutes, 1-way) (Na+/Glu)
  • Antiport transporters (2 solutes, 2-way) (Na+/K+ pump)
33
Q

2 types of active transport:

A
  • Primary active transport

- Secondary active transport

34
Q

Primary active transport:

Give an example

A
  • Requires ATP
  • Also known as pumps
  • Only cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.) pass through

*Na+/K+ pump

35
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

3 Na+ out

2 K+ in

36
Q

Why Na+/K+ pump called primary active transport?

A

Because it requires ATP to bind directly to the protein for it to work

37
Q

Secondary active transport:

Give an example

A
  • Does not require ATP
  • Use chemical gradient of one ion to move another ion

*Na-glucose cotransporter

38
Q

Na-glucose cotransporter

A
  • Uses the energy of Na to move the glucose against its concentration gradient
  • Na is along concentration gradient; glucose is agaisnt
  • For this to occur, Na concentration must remain low at all times (this is done by the sodium-potassium pump)
39
Q

2 types of endocytosis:

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Pinocytosis

40
Q

Endocytosis

A

Plasma membrane invaginates toward the cell interior while surrounding the materials to be transported

41
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials packaged in vesicles are secreted from the cell

42
Q

How does G-protein cascade work? (8 steps)

A
  1. Messenger binds to the receptor and activates it
  2. Receptor activates G-protein (which is normally unactiviated when binding with GDP)
  3. G-protein binds to alpha subunit
  4. Alpha subunit translocates
  5. Alpha subunit G-protein activates adenelyl cyclase (AC)
  6. AC converts ATP to cAMP
  7. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)
  8. PKA phosphorylates other proteins to generate cellular response

LS 2 (4 decks)

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