Exam 1 Learning Objectives Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
Bones of the ankle and foot
A
- Tibia
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Medial, middle, and lateral cuneiform
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
2
Q
Joints in the foot
A
Primary Mobile Joints - Talocrural (talotibial) - Subtalar - Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Primary Moderate Moving Joints - Mid tarsal - Metatarsocuboid - Navicular-cuneiform - Lis Franc
3
Q
Talocrural Joint
A
Tibia and talus
4
Q
Subtalar Joint
A
Talus and calcaneus
5
Q
Metatarsophalangeal
A
Metatarsals and phalanges
6
Q
Midtarsal
A
2 Joints:
- Talonavicular
- Calcaneocuboid
7
Q
Metatarsocuboid
A
Cuboid and 4-5 metatarsals
8
Q
Navicular-Cuneiform
A
Articulation of the navicular with all 3 cuneiforms
9
Q
Lis Franc
A
AKA tarsometatarsal or cuneiform-metatarsal
10
Q
Structures that support the lateral longitudinal arch
A
- Tendon of peroneus longus, brevis, tertius
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor digitorum brevis 4 & 5
- Long plantar ligament
- Short plantar ligament
11
Q
Structures that support the medial longitudinal arch
A
- Tibialis posterior ligament
- Flexor digitorum longus ligament
- Flexor hallucis longus ligament
- Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis II, III
12
Q
Bones that make up the hindfoot
A
- Calcaneus
- Talus
13
Q
Bones that make up the midfoot
A
Tarsals
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms
14
Q
Bones that make up the forefoot
A
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
15
Q
Medial Ankle Ligaments
A
- Deltoid
- 4 parts coming from the navicular, talus and calcaneus connecting with the medial malleolus
- Resists eversion, ER, and plantarflexion
16
Q
Lateral Ankle Ligaments
A
- Anterior talofibular
- Calcaneofibular
- Posterior talofibular
- Resists ant/post glide of talus on the tibia, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and inversion
17
Q
Anterior Talofibular
A
- Under greatest tension in plantarflexion
- Resists ankle inversion, plantarflexion, and anterior glide of the talus
18
Q
Calcaneofibular
A
- Under greatest tension in dorsiflexion
- Resists ankle inversion- more so when neutral or dorsiflexed
19
Q
Posterior Talofibular
A
- Under greatest tension in dorsiflexion
- Limits posterior talar glide and talar external rotation
20
Q
Ankle Sprains
A
Grading Scale
- Grade 1 → injury to the ATF
- Grade 2 → injury to the ATF & CF
- Grade 3 → injury to all 3 lateral ankle ligaments (ATF, CF, PTF)
- 85% of all ankle sprains are inversion sprains
21
Q
Axes of movement for talocrural joint
A
-
22
Q
Axes of movement for the midtarsal joint
A
-
23
Q
Relationship between the midtarsal axes with pronation and supination
A
-
24
Q
Strength of Ankle Ligaments
A
Lateral Ligaments - ATF = 139 N - PTF = 261 N - CF = 346 N Deltoid Ligament - 714 N
25
What are the components of a bunion?
- Callus
- Bursa
- Exostosis
26
Toe Deformities
- Claw Toe
- Hammer Toe
- Mallet Toe
- Usually flexible at first, but they harden over time, making correction difficult
27
Claw Toe
```
Pathology
- Hyperextended proximal phalanx
- Flexed middle and distal phalanx
Calluses
- At head of metatarsal
- At head of proximal phalanx
```
28
Hammer Toe
```
Pathology
- Extended proximal phalanx
- Flexed middle phalanx
- Neutral distal phalanx
Callus
- At head of proximal phalanx
```
29
Mallet Toe
Pathology
- Flexed distal phalanx
Callus
- At head of middle phalanx
30
Hallux Valgus
- As the metatarsal bone moves medially, the base of the proximal phalanx is carried with it
- The phalanx pivots around the adductor hallucis muscle
- The distal phalanx deviates laterally
31
How does the fibula move with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
```
Dorsiflexion
- 2 degrees of external rotation
- Slides towards the head
Plantarflexion
- Internal rotation
- Slides towards the feet
```
32
What makes up the ankle mortise?
- Base of the tibia
- Lateral malleolus
- Medial malleolus
33
Primary Dorsiflexors
- Tibialis anterior
- Ext. hallucis longus
- Ext. digitorum longus
- Fibularis tertius
34
Primary Plantarflexors
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
35
Secondary Plantarflexors
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
36
Primary Everters
- Fibularis longus
| - Fibularis brevis
37
Secondary Everters
- Fibularis tertius
| - Ext. digitorum longus
38
Primary Inverter
Tibialis Posterior
39
Secondary Inverters
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Tibialis anterior
- Extension hallucis longus
40
What is the windlass mechanism, and how does it behave under load?
- Plantar fascia acts like a spring
| - Elongates a max of 9-12% between mid-stance and toe-off
41
What are the degrees associated with flat foot (pes planus) when using meary’s angle?
- 0 degrees → normal
- 0-15 degrees → mild
- 15-30 degrees → moderate
- >30 degrees → servere
42
Meary's Angle
Long axis of the talus should nearly bisect the navicular and first metatarsal shaft
43
Calcaneal Angle
18-20 degrees is considered normal
44
Feiss Line
- Line from the medial malleolus to the plantar aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
- Used to measure pronation of the foot during weightbearing
- Measures the drop of the “navicular tub”
45
Morton's Neuroma Test
- Thickening of tissue around a nerve
| - Squeeze metatarsal heads together
46
Talar Tilt
- Tests calcaneofibular and deltoid ligaments
47
Anterior Drawer Test
Anterior talofibular ligament
48
Thompson Test
Achilles tendon
