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Orthopedic Impairments & Therapeutic Exercise > Exam 1 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 1 Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the ankle and foot

A
  • Tibia
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular
  • Medial, middle, and lateral cuneiform
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
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2
Q

Joints in the foot

A 
Primary Mobile Joints
- Talocrural (talotibial)
- Subtalar
- Metatarsophalangeal (MTP)
Primary Moderate Moving Joints
- Mid tarsal
- Metatarsocuboid
- Navicular-cuneiform
- Lis Franc
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3
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Tibia and talus

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4
Q

Subtalar Joint

A

Talus and calcaneus

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5
Q

Metatarsophalangeal

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

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6
Q

Midtarsal

A

2 Joints:

  • Talonavicular
  • Calcaneocuboid
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7
Q

Metatarsocuboid

A

Cuboid and 4-5 metatarsals

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8
Q

Navicular-Cuneiform

A

Articulation of the navicular with all 3 cuneiforms

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9
Q

Lis Franc

A

AKA tarsometatarsal or cuneiform-metatarsal

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10
Q

Structures that support the lateral longitudinal arch

A
  • Tendon of peroneus longus, brevis, tertius
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Flexor digitorum brevis 4 & 5
  • Long plantar ligament
  • Short plantar ligament
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11
Q

Structures that support the medial longitudinal arch

A
  • Tibialis posterior ligament
  • Flexor digitorum longus ligament
  • Flexor hallucis longus ligament
  • Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis II, III
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12
Q

Bones that make up the hindfoot

A
  • Calcaneus

- Talus

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13
Q

Bones that make up the midfoot

A

Tarsals

  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiforms
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14
Q

Bones that make up the forefoot

A
  • Metatarsals

- Phalanges

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15
Q

Medial Ankle Ligaments

A
  • Deltoid
  • 4 parts coming from the navicular, talus and calcaneus connecting with the medial malleolus
  • Resists eversion, ER, and plantarflexion
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16
Q

Lateral Ankle Ligaments

A
  • Anterior talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular
  • Posterior talofibular
  • Resists ant/post glide of talus on the tibia, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and inversion
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17
Q

Anterior Talofibular

A
  • Under greatest tension in plantarflexion

- Resists ankle inversion, plantarflexion, and anterior glide of the talus

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18
Q

Calcaneofibular

A
  • Under greatest tension in dorsiflexion

- Resists ankle inversion- more so when neutral or dorsiflexed

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19
Q

Posterior Talofibular

A
  • Under greatest tension in dorsiflexion

- Limits posterior talar glide and talar external rotation

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20
Q

Ankle Sprains

A

Grading Scale

  • Grade 1 → injury to the ATF
  • Grade 2 → injury to the ATF & CF
  • Grade 3 → injury to all 3 lateral ankle ligaments (ATF, CF, PTF)
  • 85% of all ankle sprains are inversion sprains
21
Q

Axes of movement for talocrural joint

A

-

22
Q

Axes of movement for the midtarsal joint

A

-

23
Q

Relationship between the midtarsal axes with pronation and supination

A

-

24
Q

Strength of Ankle Ligaments

A 
Lateral Ligaments
- ATF = 139 N
- PTF = 261 N
- CF = 346 N
Deltoid Ligament
- 714 N
25
Q

What are the components of a bunion?

A
  • Callus
  • Bursa
  • Exostosis
26
Q

Toe Deformities

A
  • Claw Toe
  • Hammer Toe
  • Mallet Toe
  • Usually flexible at first, but they harden over time, making correction difficult
27
Q

Claw Toe

A 
Pathology 
- Hyperextended proximal phalanx
- Flexed middle and distal phalanx
Calluses
- At head of metatarsal
- At head of proximal phalanx
28
Q

Hammer Toe

A 
Pathology 
- Extended proximal phalanx
- Flexed middle phalanx
- Neutral distal phalanx
Callus
- At head of proximal phalanx
29
Q

Mallet Toe

A

Pathology
- Flexed distal phalanx
Callus
- At head of middle phalanx

30
Q

Hallux Valgus

A
  • As the metatarsal bone moves medially, the base of the proximal phalanx is carried with it
  • The phalanx pivots around the adductor hallucis muscle
  • The distal phalanx deviates laterally
31
Q

How does the fibula move with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

A 
Dorsiflexion
- 2 degrees of external rotation
- Slides towards the head
Plantarflexion
- Internal rotation
- Slides towards the feet
32
Q

What makes up the ankle mortise?

A
  • Base of the tibia
  • Lateral malleolus
  • Medial malleolus
33
Q

Primary Dorsiflexors

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Ext. hallucis longus
  • Ext. digitorum longus
  • Fibularis tertius
34
Q

Primary Plantarflexors

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantaris
35
Q

Secondary Plantarflexors

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis
36
Q

Primary Everters

A
  • Fibularis longus

- Fibularis brevis

37
Q

Secondary Everters

A
  • Fibularis tertius

- Ext. digitorum longus

38
Q

Primary Inverter

A

Tibialis Posterior

39
Q

Secondary Inverters

A
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extension hallucis longus
40
Q

What is the windlass mechanism, and how does it behave under load?

A
  • Plantar fascia acts like a spring

- Elongates a max of 9-12% between mid-stance and toe-off

41
Q

What are the degrees associated with flat foot (pes planus) when using meary’s angle?

A
  • 0 degrees → normal
  • 0-15 degrees → mild
  • 15-30 degrees → moderate
  • > 30 degrees → servere
42
Q

Meary’s Angle

A

Long axis of the talus should nearly bisect the navicular and first metatarsal shaft

43
Q

Calcaneal Angle

A

18-20 degrees is considered normal

44
Q

Feiss Line

A
  • Line from the medial malleolus to the plantar aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
  • Used to measure pronation of the foot during weightbearing
  • Measures the drop of the “navicular tub”
45
Q

Morton’s Neuroma Test

A
  • Thickening of tissue around a nerve

- Squeeze metatarsal heads together

46
Q

Talar Tilt

A
  • Tests calcaneofibular and deltoid ligaments
47
Q

Anterior Drawer Test

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

48
Q

Thompson Test

A

Achilles tendon

Orthopedic Impairments & Therapeutic Exercise (17 decks)

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