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-Neuroanatomy > Exam #1: Gross Brain & Blood Supply > Flashcards

Exam #1: Gross Brain & Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

Review horizontal/ transverse, coronal, & sagittal/ parasagittal planes on MRI/CT.

A

N/A

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2
Q

What is the difference between dorsal & ventral in the brain?

A

Dorsal= superior in reference to the brain & toward the back in reference to the spine

Ventral= inferior in reference to the brain & toward the front in reference to the spine

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3
Q

What is the difference between rostral & caudal?

A 
Rostral= toward the beak/ front
Caudal= toward the tail/ back
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4
Q

Where does the cephalic flexure occur?

A

This is the “first flexure,” or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain.

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5
Q

What is the difference between a gyrus & a sulcus?

A 
Gyrus= elevation
Sulcus= shallow depression
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6
Q

What is a deep depression in the brain called?

A

Fissure

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7
Q

What is the function of the gyri & sulci?

A

Increased SA i.e. increase SA/V ratio

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8
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Fissure between left & right hemispheres

*Note that the floor is the corpus callosum

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9
Q

Where is the lateral fissure?

A

Fissure that separates the frontal/ parietal lobes from the temporal

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10
Q

Where is the transverse fissure?

A

Between cerebellum & cerebral cortex

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11
Q

What are the major functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Learned behavior
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Contains “Broca’s area” for speech & language
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12
Q

What is the broad function of the parietal lobe?

A

Note that this is also called the “somatosensory cortex”

  • Takes sensory info in & makes it conscious experience
  • Integration of auditory, visual & somatosensory info
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13
Q

What is the broad function of the temproal lobe?

A

Contains “Wernicke’s” area that functions in

  • Reading
  • Understanding & speaking written word
  • Contains the primary auditory cortex
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14
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

Medial aspect of the temporal lobe

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15
Q

What is the broad function of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex & other functions associated with vision

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16
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Demarcation between the frontal & parietal lobes

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17
Q

What is the lateal sulcus?

A

This is the demarcation between the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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18
Q

What gyrus sits infront of the central sulcus?

A

Precentral gyrus–MOTOR

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19
Q

What gyrus sits behind the central sulcus?

A

Postcentral gyrus–SENSORY

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20
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus? Where is this sulcus visualized?

A

Demarcation between occipital and parietal lobes, which is viewed from the MEDIAL aspect

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21
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A

Sulcus in the occipital lobe itself, viewed MEDIALLY ina mid-sagittal cut

*****Note that the primary visual cortex surrounds the boundaries of this sulcus

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22
Q

Where is the insula? How do you find it?

A

Deep to the lateral fissure apart you’ll find the insular lobe

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23
Q

What is the broad function of the insula?

A

Visceral function

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24
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connection between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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25
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Superior to the corpus callosum

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26
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Uncus

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27
Q

What are the basal nuclei/ganglia of the brain?

A

Collections of nerve cell bodies imbedded within the cortex

28
Q

What are the parts of the basal nuclei/ ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen
Globus Pallidus 
Subthalamus
Substantia nigra

*****Subthalamus that is also part of the diencephalon

29
Q

What is the general function of the basal nuclei?

A

Motor function

30
Q

What is the diencephalon? What are the parts of the Diencephalon?

A

Collection of nuclei in the central position of the brain consisting of:

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Subthalamus
4) Epithalamus

31
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relaying sensory information

32
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Connection between the brain & endocrine system

33
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

The epithalamus contains the pineal body & functions in circadian rhythms

34
Q

Where are the hippocampus & amygdala?

A

Deep into the temporal lobe; amygdala is anterior to the hippocamus

35
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory

Spatial navigation

36
Q

What does damage to the mammillary bodies present as?

A

Anterograde amneisa

37
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Memory processing and emotional reactions

  • Fear
  • Aggression
38
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

39
Q

What is the broad function of the cerebellum?

A

Refined motor function

40
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla

41
Q

What is the landmark for the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles

42
Q

What is the Corpora Quadragemini? What is the function of the Corpora Quadragemini?

A

Four nuclei of the midbrain

  • 2x superior= vision
  • 2x inferior= auditory
43
Q

What provides the anterior circulation of the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries

**80%

44
Q

What provides the posterior circulation of the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries

45
Q

Where do the carotid arteries bifurcate into the internal & external carotid arteries?

A

Level of the thyroid cartilage

46
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

47
Q

What artery do the vertebral arteries join to form?

A

Basilar artery

48
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid arteries?

A

Anterior Cerebral

Middle Cerebral

49
Q

What connects that Anterior Cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior Communicating

50
Q

What connects that Middle Cerebral arteries?

A

Posterior Communicating

51
Q

What lobe of the brain does the anterior cerebral NOT supply?

A

Occipital

52
Q

What are the two divisions of the middle cerebral artery?

A

Superior & inferior divisions

  • Superior= frontal & parietal lobe
  • Inferior= temporal lobe

****Middle cerebral supplies the insula itself

53
Q

What are watershed territories? Why are the watershed territories clinically important?

A

The arteries the form the anterior circulation of the brain don’t completely connect on the superior medial aspects of the brain; rather, each major artery (anterior & middle) sends small capillaries that anastomose

*****Prone to ischemic stroke

54
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?

A

Posterior spinal artery
Anterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA)

55
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar (AICA)
Superior cerebellar artery
Pontine arteries

56
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery run?

A

Anterior median fissure of the medulla

57
Q

Where does the PICA branch from?

A

Basilar artery, distal/ lateral to the posterior spinal artery

58
Q

What lobe does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior occipital lobe

Inferior temporal lobe

59
Q

What is the calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery? What does it supply?

A

Branch of the posterior cerebral artery that supplies the visual cortex surrounding the Calcarine Sulcus.c

60
Q

Where is the Cerebral Vein of Galen?

A

“Main Brain Drain Vein”

61
Q

Where are the Basal veins of Rosenthal?

A

Help drain venous blood from the braimstem & enter the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen into the jugular system

62
Q

What is the vein of Trolard?

A

Drains blood from the superior surface of the brain into the sagittal sinus

63
Q

What is the Vein of Labbe?

A

Drains blood from the inferior surface of the of the brain

64
Q

What are the bridging veins?

A

Veins that connect the vein of Trolard & Labbe

65
Q

What is the clinical significance of the bridging veins?

A

Ripping/ tearing of these veins lead to Subdural hematoma

-Neuroanatomy (36 decks)

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