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Nursing 231 - Exam 1 > EXAM 1 - GI AND BLADDER CANCER > Flashcards

EXAM 1 - GI AND BLADDER CANCER Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some other s/s to assess for in malabsorption syndrome?

A
  1. Unintentional weight loss
  2. Bloating & flatus (carbohydrate malabsorption)
  3. Decreased libido
  4. Easy bruising (purpura)
  5. Anemia
  6. Bone pain
  7. Edema
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2
Q

Where does gastric cancer usually begin?

A

in the glands of the stomach mucosa

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3
Q

At what age range should you get screened for colorectal cancer?

A

45-75

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4
Q

inflammation occurring without gallstones

A

Acalculous cholecystitis

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5
Q

Surgery to remove the tumor and a small portion of the bladder

A

segmental cystectomy, sometimes called partial

cystectomy

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6
Q

what prep is required for flexible sigmoidoscopy

A

fasting and cleansing of colon with laxative.

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7
Q

Which test has dietary/medication restrictions in regards to FIT/FOBT

A

FOBT

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8
Q

How do you manage nutrition in malnourished clients?

A
  • Dietician calculates nutrients required daily and plans diet
  • Provide nutrient rich and high calorie foods
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9
Q

Symptoms for Cholelithiasis?

A

a. Episodic or vague upper abdominal pain that can radiate to the right shoulder
b. Pain triggered by high-fat or high-volume meal
c. Sudden Pain – Biliary Colic (Possible sepsis in Acute Cholecystitis)
d. Positive Murphy’s sign
e. N/V
f. Dyspepsia
g. Eructation (belch)
h. Flatulence
i. Feeling of abdominal fullness
j. Rebound tenderness
k. Fever
l. Jaundice, clay colored stools, dark urine, steatorrhea

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10
Q

Most bladder cancers are cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder known as?

A

transitional cell carcinomas
Other types are (squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids)

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11
Q

Nonsurgical interventions for obesity?

A

a. Diet Programs/Lifestyle changes (Nutritionally Balanced Diets)
b. Nutrition Therapy
c. Behavioral Management

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12
Q

Assessment for obesity?

A
  1. History
  2. Physical
  3. Psychosocial
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13
Q

Which adjacent organs may experience direct invasion as a result of gastric cancer?

A

Liver, pancreas, transverse colon

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14
Q

A condition that can develop after surgery to remove all or part of the stomach or after surgery
to bypass the stomach to help lose weight

A

Dumping syndrome

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15
Q

Types of bariatric surgeries?

A

a. Adjustable Gastric Band (Lap Band)
b. Duodenal Switch (DS)
c. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RNY)
d. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (Gastric Sleeve)

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16
Q

Nonsurgical management for colorectal cancer?

A

Radiation therapy, drug therapy

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17
Q

an operation to remove the entire bladder, as well as

surrounding lymph nodes

A

radical cystectomy

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18
Q

Advanced gastric cancer symptoms?

A
  1. Progressive weight loss
  2. Nausea
  3. V omiting
  4. Weakness
  5. Fatigue
  6. Anemia
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19
Q

a common presentation of a stone in the cystic duct or common bile duct of the biliary tree.

A

biliary colic

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20
Q

Assessment for malnutrition?

A
  1. History
  2. Physical
  3. Psychosocial
  4. Laboratory Assessment
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21
Q

Drugs for pain management in cholelithiasis?

A
  • NSAIDS
  • ACETAMINOPHEN
  • NARCOTICS
  • ANTIEMETICS
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22
Q

Noninvasive procedure used to detect altered DNA in stool and identify precancer polyps. If positive, colonoscopy required.

A

SDNA test - stool dna test - a colon cancer screening method

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23
Q

Cancer at this stage occurs in the bladder’s inner lining but hasn’t invaded the muscular bladder wall

A

Stage 1 bladder cancer

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24
Q

Non invasive test that uses CT to create 2-D/3-D images to view inside of colon and detect polyps. Follow up colonoscopy required if anything suspicious is found. How often does this need to be done?

A

CT colonography - colon cancer screening method. Every five years.

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25
Q

Risk factors for Cholelithiasis

A

Five F’s

  • Female
  • Fertile (pregnancy)
  • Fat
  • Fourty and above
  • Fair - Caucasian, Native, Mexican
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26
Q

The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of?

A

chronic irritation and inflammation

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27
Q

Surgical treatment for cholelithiasis?

A

Cholecystectomy

  • laparscopic (lap chole)
  • traditional f
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28
Q

S/S for dumping syndrome post op bariatric surgery?

A

Tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping

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29
Q

Post op measures for bariatric surgeries

A

a. Abdominal binder
b. Semi Fowler’s position or use BiPAP or CPAP at night
c. O2 Saturation
d. Compression stockings and prophylactic anticoagulant
e. Assess skin
f. Out of bed on day of surgery
g. Turning every 2 hours
h. Measure and record abdominal girth
i. Six small feedings and fluids
j. S/S of Dumping Syndrome

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30
Q

What prep is required for CT colonography

A

fasting and cleansing of colon with laxative.

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31
Q

Assessment for colorectal cancer?

A

i. Assessment
ii. History
iii. Physical
iv. Psychosocial
v. Laboratory/Diagnostic Assessment

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32
Q

often the first major sign – PRIMARY SYMPTOM of bladder cancer?

A

painless hematuria

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33
Q

Invasive procedure that allows doctor to check in colon for cancer and polyps with flexible tube w/ attached camera. How often does this need to be done?

A

Colonoscopy - Every 10 years.

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34
Q

In colorectal cancer where do most tumors arise from?

A

From glandular tissues called adenocarcinomas and from polyps

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35
Q

Greatest risk factor for gastric cancer?

A

Infection with H. Pylori

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36
Q

Treatments for bladder cancer

A

i. Biological therapy (Immunotherapy)
1. An immune-stimulating bacterium
2. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a bacterium used in tuberculosis vaccines
ii. Chemotherapy
iii. Radiation therapy

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37
Q

Early symptoms of dumping syndrome?

A

a. Feeling bloated or too full after eating
b. Nausea/vomiting
c. Abdominal cramps
d. Diarrhea
e. Flushing
f. Dizziness, lightheadedness
g. Hyperglycemia
h. Vertigo
i. Tachycardia
j. Syncope
k. Diaphoresis
l. Pallor
m. Palpitations
n. Desire to lie down

38
Q

How long after eating does dumping syndrome occur?

A

15-30 minutes

39
Q

invasive test where LOWER part of rectum and colon are viewed with a flexible lighted tube with small video camera on the end. how often?

A

flexible sigmoidoscopy —every 3 to 5 years

40
Q

How does colorectal cancer spread?

A

through blood or lymph

41
Q

At this stage, cancer has invaded the bladder wall but is still confined to the bladder

A

Stage 2 bladder cancer

42
Q

Etiology & Risk Factors for colorectal cancer?

A

i. The exact cause of colorectal cancer is not known
ii. Diet
iii. Tobacco/smoking
iv. Heavy alcohol use
v. Hereditary cancer syndromes or a family history of colorectal cancer

43
Q

a precancerous polyp is referred to as?

A

severe dysplasia

44
Q

What do major complications of obesity effect?

A

CV and respiratory systems

45
Q

one or more of these abnormalities may be present in malabsorption syndrome.

A
  1. Bile Salt Deficiencies
  2. Enzyme Deficiencies
  3. Presence of bacteria
  4. Disruption of the mucosal lining of the Small Intestine
  5. Altered lymphatic and vascular circulation
  6. Decrease in the gastric or intestinal surface area
46
Q

process of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa of the stomach, leading to a loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues

A

atrophic gastritis - precancerous condition

47
Q

chemical irritation and inflammation of the gallbladder that results from Gallstones that obstruct the cystic duct (most common), gallbladder neck, or common bile duct

A

Calculous cholecystitis

48
Q

Who is most at risk for poor nutrition?

A

Older adults

49
Q

Drug treatment for malnutrition?

A

MV, Zinc, And iron prep for anemia

50
Q

small, hard deposits that can form in the gallbladder, a sac-like organ that lies under the liver in the
upper right side of the abdomen

A

gallstones

51
Q

what labs may you see with cholelithiasis?

A
  • Elevated WBC
  • Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin elevated
  • AST and ALT elevated when common bile duct stones are present.
52
Q

A maneuver during a physical examination as part of the abdominal examination; it is useful for differentiating pain in the RUQ

A

murphys sign

53
Q

Discharge teaching for Bariatric surgery?

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Drug Therapy
  3. Wound Care
  4. Activity Level
  5. S/S to Report
  6. Follow Care
  7. Continuing Education
54
Q

diagnostic tests for cholelithiasis?

A
  • ultrasound of RUQ

- Endoscopic ultrasound

55
Q

interferes with the ability to absorb nutrients and results in generalized flattening of the mucosa of the small intestines

A

malabsorption syndrome

56
Q

At this stage cancer cells may have spread to the lymph nodes and other organs, such as your lungs, bones or liver

A

Stage 4 bladder cancer

57
Q

often used to remove bladder cancers that are confined to the inner layers of the bladder

A

Transurethral resection (TUR) (surgery to remove tumor)

58
Q

Non-surgical management for gastric cancer?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Combination Therapy
59
Q

Etiology and risk factors for gastric cancer?

A

i. H. Pylori
ii. Pernious Anemia
iii. Gastric Polyps
iv. Achlorhydria
v. Foods
vi. Alcohol
vii. Smoking
viii. Atrophic Gastritis – precancerous condition

60
Q

Non-surgical treatment for cholelithiasis?

A
  • avoid fatty foods
  • Pain management
  • IV antibiotics depending on cause
61
Q

what is are two classic symptoms of malabsorption syndrome?

A
  • Diarrhea

* Steatorrhea (fatty stools)

62
Q

what prep is required for a colonoscopy?

A

fasting and cleansing of colon with laxative.

63
Q

occurs when your stomach empties its contents too quickly into your intestine (duodenum). For many people, this condition is managed with dietary changes.

A

Dumping syndrome

64
Q

Total enteral nutrition methods for malnutrition?

A
  • NG tube
  • Gastrotomy -PEG tube
  • Jejunostomy
65
Q

Surgical management for obesity?

A

a. Bariatrics
b. Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band (LAGB)
c. Gastric Bypass Surgery

66
Q

Early gastric cancer symptoms?

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Heartburn
  3. Abdominal discomfort
  4. Epigastric or back pain
67
Q

formation of gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

68
Q

What other organs/systems decrease in function with malnutrition?

A
  • liver
  • heart
  • lungs
  • Gi tract
  • immune system
69
Q

What are some drug therapies used for malabsorption syndrome?

A
  1. Antibiotics – bacterial overgrowth
  2. Antidiarrheal agents
  3. Anticholinergics (slows motility)
  4. IVFs
70
Q

How does the Bacillus Calmette Guerin therapy help treat bladder cancer?

A

Immunotherapy causes the body’s own immune system to attack the cancer cells. BCG is the most common for treating early-stage bladder cancer. It’s used to help keep the cancer from growing and to help keep it from coming back

71
Q

Barium sulfate suspension is injected with air into rectum via flexible tube and xrays are taken?

A

Double contrast barium enema

72
Q
  1. Refers to an excess amount of body when compared with lean body mass
  2. One of the leading causes of preventable deaths in the US, and has become a national crisis
A

Obesity

73
Q

Late symptoms of dumping syndrome?

A

a. Dizziness
b. Lightheadedness
c. Palpitations
d. Diaphoresis
e. Confusion
f. Hunger
g. Irritability
h. Release of excessive amounts of insulin

74
Q

occurs as protein synthesis of the liver decreases

A

Hypoproteinemia

75
Q

The cancer cells have spread through the bladder wall to surrounding tissue; they may also have spread to the prostate in men or to the uterus or vagina in women

A

Stage 3 bladder cancer

76
Q

characterized by the inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12

A

pernicious anemia

77
Q

A non invasive procedure Designed to detect occult blood (not seen with eye) in stool. If positive, colonoscopy may be required to determine source of bleeding. How often?

A

Fecal occult blood test/Fecal immunochemical test - colon cancer screening method. Every year.

78
Q

How do gastric cancers spread?

A

through gastric wall and to the lymph nodes

79
Q

Risk factors for bladder cancer?

A

i. Smoking
ii. Increasing age
iii. Caucasian
iv. Male
v. Exposure to certain chemicals
vi. Previous cancer treatment
vii. Chronic Bladder Inflammation
viii. Family history

80
Q

Operative procedures for colorectal cancer?

A
  1. colon resection
  2. colectomy
  3. Adominoperineal resection (AP RESECTION)
81
Q

What restrictions is the patient on for dumping syndrome?

A

No fluids with meal and no High carbs (bread/potatoes)

82
Q

a system of urinary drainage which a surgeon creates using the small intestine after removing the bladder. To do this, the surgeon takes a short segment of the small intestine and places it at an opening he has made on the surface of the abdomen to create a mouth, or stoma

A

ileal conduit

83
Q

Interventions for malabsorption syndrome?

A

i. Avoidance of substances that aggravate malabsorption and supplementation of nutrients
ii. Nutrition management
iii. Nutritional supplements
iv. Drug therapy
v. Skin care for patients with chronic diarrhea

84
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

85
Q

Diagnostic tests for bladder cancer?

A
  1. Routine UA of hematuria
  2. Cystoscopy
  3. Biopsy
  4. Urine cytology
  5. Imaging tests
86
Q

describe patho of malnutrition?

A

protein catabolism exceeds protein intake and synthesis, resulting in negative nitrogen
balance, weight loss, decreased muscle mass, and weakness

87
Q

absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions.

A

achlorhydria

88
Q

Where is the T-Tube located?

A

Common Bile duct

89
Q

When is a T-Tube usually placed?

A

Cholecystectomy

90
Q

Which position is best for a client with a T-Tube

A

Semi-Fowlers

91
Q

A drainage amount of _____ or more within a 24 hour period is abnormal and the physician should be notified.

A

500 cc

92
Q

Characteristics of pain with Cholecystitis?

A
  • RUQ
  • RADIATES TO RIGHT SHOULDER AND BACK
  • INCREASES WITH DEEP BREATH

Nursing 231 - Exam 1 (8 decks)

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