Exam 1 extra stuff

Question 1

convective transport

Answer 1

movement of blood around body so diffusion can occur over short distances (einstein principle)

Question 2

flow equation (two of them)

Answer 2

Q=VA

Q=deltaP/R

Question 3

What is anomolous viscosity?

Answer 3

blood viscosity depends on blood velocity (increasing viscosity decreases velocity)

Question 4

What is Pouseilles equation?

Answer 4

All the things that influence magnitude of blood flow:

Q=(πdPr^4)/(8L*viscosity)

Question 5

various segments of blood vessels (aorta, arteries, arterioles) are arranged in _______

Answer 5

series

Rtotal is summation

Question 6

within each segment of blood vessels (arterioles) are arranged in _____

Answer 6

parallel

1/Rtot=1/R1+1/R2….

means that more vessels in parallel DECREASES resistance

Question 7

MBP equation

Answer 7

MBP=COxTPR

Question 8

force of flowing blood on endothelial cells

Answer 8

shear stress

Question 9

law of laplace

Answer 9

force of wall on structure - force that makes structure open up

wall tension T=Pxr

wall stress: sigma = Pxr/th

Question 10

compliance

Answer 10

stretchiness of vessel/structure

C=V/P

Question 11

atrial systole

Answer 11

in late diastole “atrial kick” where atria contract and force small amount of blood into ventricles. accounts of 15-20% of blood

Question 12

sequence of events in the heart

Answer 12

atrial systole –> IVC –> rapid ventricular ejection –> reduced ventricular ejection –> IVR –> rapid ventricular filling –> reduced ventricular filling (aka DIASTASIS)

Question 13

how do sympathetics increase HR?

Answer 13

they speed up phase 4 depolarization and activate funny channels and L type channels

Question 14

how do parasympathetics slow HR?

Answer 14

they activate K conductance (if there is more K, harder to depolarize)

Question 15

the primary mechanism for the strenght/rate/duration of the cardiac contraciton is by

Answer 15

changing the amplitude and duration of the Ca2+ transient

Question 16

calsequestrin

Answer 16

Ca2+ buffering molecule in junctional SR

Question 17

phospholamban

Answer 17

SR protein that can inhibit SERCA when not phosphorylated - moves off of SERCA when phosphorylated (disinhibition event)

increases rate of decay of Ca2+ transient

Question 18

what is the effect of PKA phosphorylation of LTCC/PLB?

Answer 18

increase in ca2+ entry/SR release to increase amplitude and decrease duration of Ca transient

Question 19

what is the effect of TnC phosphorylation?

Answer 19

reduces Ca2+ binding affinity –> Ca2+ unbinds –> increases relaxation rate

Question 20

what is the effect of RYR phosphorylation?

Answer 20

increases Ca2+ binding affinity by enhancing Ca2+ released from SR

Question 21

Frank starling relationship

Answer 21

when more blood enters the heart, sarcomere stretch enhances force generating capacity of the muscle. this allows an increase in preload to be matched to increased ejection of blood with each contraction

Question 22

what are 3 ways to alter preload?

Answer 22

1. respiration
2. body position
3. increases in blood volume (growth, aerobic training, pregnancy)

Question 23

stroke work equation

Answer 23

SW=VESPxSV

the area of the PV loop

Question 24

myocardial O2 consumption

Answer 24

MVO2=(arterial O2 content - coronary sinus O2 content) x mean coronary blood flow

Question 25

cardiac mechanical efficiency

Answer 25

= SW / (MVO2/beat)

Question 26

mean arterial pressure equation

Answer 26

MAP = CO x TPR

Question 27

pulse pressure equation

Answer 27

PP = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 28

laplace’s law

Answer 28

mechanical properties of an elastic chamber

compliace = dV/dP

elastance = dP/dV

Question 29

factors affecting MABP

MABP equation

Answer 29

1. blood volume
2. cardiac output

MABP = diastole + 1/3PP

Question 30

elastic arteries store energy during ______ and release it during ______

Answer 30

elastic arteries store energy during SYSTOLE and release it during DIASTOLE