Exam 1: Ethics Flashcards
example of unethical research
- Syphilis study on tuskegee airmen (targeted a specific social/demographic group, no respect for persons, and harm was done)
- nazi experiments on jews during WWII
- stanley milgram obedience study (subjected participants to extreme stress)
The Belmon Report
a 1976 committee to discuss the baseline ethical principles of conducting research oh humans
came about due to the Tuskegee airmen and the Nuremburg trials
3 principles
Belmont Report
beneficence
protect from harm and ensure well-being (psychological and physical)
Belmont Report
Respect for persons
assumption that people are autonomous agents
Belmont Report
Justice
Ensuring a fair balance between participants and those who benefit from the research.
What are the five ethical principles in the APA Code of Conduct?
- Beneficence & nonmaleficence
- Fidelity & responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for rights and dignity
What is the purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
To ensure that research involving human participants is conducted ethically.
What are the required members of an IRB?
- One scientist
- One non-scientist academic
- One community member
- A prisoner advocate (if necessary)
What are the three types of IRB review?
- Exempt
- Expedited
- Full review
What must an informed consent document include?
- Study purpose
- Procedures
- Risks
- Benefits
- Privacy/confidentiality
- Voluntary participation
What are the two types of deception in research?
- Omission (withholding information)
- Commission (actively lying)
What ethical principles must be considered when using deception?
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
What is the purpose of debriefing in research?
To reveal any deception used, explain the study’s purpose, and ensure participants leave with a learning experience.
What is the role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?
To oversee and approve animal research protocols, ensuring humane treatment.
What are the ‘Three Rs’ in ethical animal research?
- Replacement (use alternatives when possible)
- Refinement (minimize distress)
- Reduction (use the fewest animals possible)
What are the two main forms of research misconduct?
- Data fabrication (making up data)
- Data falsification (manipulating data or participants to skew results)
What ethical violation does plagiarism fall under?
Standard 8.11 of the APA Code of Conduct.
