Exam 1: electrolytes and acid- base

Question 1

Causes of ECV deficit

Answer 1

Sodium and water intake less than output

Increased GI output, increased renal output, loss of blood, massive sweating

Question 2

Signs and symptoms ECV deficit

Answer 2

sudden weight loss, poor skin turgor, flat neck veins when supine, confusion, increased hematocrit, Bun above 25mg/dL

Question 3

Causes of ECV excess

Answer 3

Sodium and water intake greater than output

renal retention, heart failure, aldosterone excess

Question 4

Signs and symptoms of ECV excess

Answer 4

sudden weight gain, edema, full neck veins when uptight,

crackles in lungs, decreases hematocrit, BUN below 10mg/dL

Question 5

Causes of hypernatremia

Answer 5

loss of more water than salt or gain of more salt than water

ADH deficiency, sweating

Question 6

Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 6

decreased LOC, seizures, Na above 145 or osmolality above 300

Question 7

Causes of hyponatremia

Answer 7

more water than salt

excessive ADH, excessive administration of D5W IV, replacement of body fluids with only water

Question 8

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 8

Decreased LOC, seizures, Na below 135, osmolality below 280

Question 9

Causes of hypokalemia

Answer 9

decreased k intake, alkalosis, GI losses, diuretics, aldosterone excess

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

Answer 10

weakness, distention, constipation, dysrhythmias, K below 3.5mEq/L

Question 11

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 11

K salt substitutes, infusion of blood, massive cellular damage, insufficient insulin, acidosis, EVC deficit, adrenal insufficiency

Question 12

Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia

Answer 12

weakness, cramps, diarrhea, dysrhythmias or cardiac arrest, K above 5mEq/L

Question 13

Causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 13

vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, hypoparathyroidism, alkalosis, pancreatitis, hypophosphatemia

Question 14

Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia

Answer 14

tetany, Chvostek’s sign, cramping, K below 8.4mEq/L

Question 15

Causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 15

prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

Answer 16

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, fatigue, decreased LOC, cardiac arrest, Ca above 10.5mEq/L

Question 17

Causes of hypomagnesemia

Answer 17

malnutrition, alcoholism, GI losses, diuretic, aldosterone excess

Question 18

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia

Answer 18

Chvostek’s sign, excited muscles, tachycardia, Mg below 1.5mEq/L

Question 19

Causes of hypermagnesemia

Answer 19

adrenal insufficiency, renal disease

Question 20

Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia

Answer 20

relaxed muscles, dilation, bradycardia, decreases respirations, Mg above 2.5mEq/L

Question 21

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 21

impaired gas exchange, respiratory muscle weakness, paralysis from hypokalemia, drug over dose, brain dysfunction

Question 22

Signs of respiratory acidosis

Answer 22

decreases LOC, pH below 7.35, PaCO2 above 45mmHg

Question 23

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 23

hyperventilation, distress, aspirin overdose

Question 24

Signs of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 24

numbness, hyperventilation, decreased LOC, pH above 7.45, PaCO2 below 35mmHg

Question 25

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 25

ketoacidosis, diabetes, alcoholism, hyper metabolic state, renal disease, injection of acid, aspirin, diarrhea, loss of bicarbonate

Question 26

Signs of metabolic acidosis

Answer 26

decreased LOC, hyperventilation, hyperkalemia, pH below 7.35, HCO3 below 22

Question 27

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 27

excessive intake of sodium bicarbonate, blood transfusion, EVC deficit, excessive GI loss, hypokalemia, excessive aldosterone

Question 28

Signs of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 28

numbness, lightheadedness, cramps, confusion, pH above 7.45, HCO3 above 26

Question 29

Ca and ______ have an inverse relationship

Answer 29

phosphate

Question 30

K and ____ have an inverse relationship

Answer 30

Na

Question 31

Tingeing means a decrease in ___

Answer 31

CO2