Exam 1

Question 1

____ is directly related to the metabolic function of the liver and excretory function of the kidneys. When there is a fluid volume deficit (FVD) ____ is elevated.

Answer 1

BUN (7-20 mg/dl)

Question 2

_____ is generally used in conjunction with BUN testing and are normally in a 1:20 ratio

Answer 2

Creatinine (0.6-1.3mg/dl)

Question 3

As ___ rises, you may have symptoms of kidney disease,

Answer 3

BUN

Question 4

What is edema?

Answer 4

It is palpable swelling produced by an increase in the interstitial fluid volume.

Question 5

edema can be caused from:

Answer 5

1) increased vascular volume found in heart failure, kidney disease, or thrombophlebitis
2) decreased colloidal osmotic pressured to loss of plasma proteins such as protein losing kidney disease, extensive burns, liver disease, malnutrition.
3) increased capillary permeability
4) obstruction of lymphatic flow caused by malignant obstruction or surgical removal.

Question 6

Causes of hypovolemia (Fluid volume deficient)

Answer 6

Hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, diuretic therapy, fever

Question 7

Cause of hypervolemia (Fluid volume excess)

Answer 7

Heart Failure, renal failure, IV therapy, hypernatremia, corticosteroid

Question 8

Signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficient

Answer 8

Mild: orthostatic hypotension, increased heart rate, restlessness, anxiety, weight loss
Moderate: confusion, dizziness, thirst, nausea, cool skin, rapid pulse, decreased output
Severe: decreased cardiac output, unconsciousness, hypotension, wake distal pulses

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess

Answer 9

tachypnea, dyspnea, crackles, distended viens, edema

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 10

lethargy, headache, confusion

Question 11

Causes of hyponatremia

Answer 11

diarrhea, insufficient intake, fluid shifts, diuretics, vomiting