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Animal Biology > Exam 1- development > Flashcards

Exam 1- development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gametogenisis

A
  • formation of haploid sex cells (meiosis)

- need certain number of chromosomes (diploid number)

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2
Q

fertilization

A

-penetration of egg zone pellucida (outside) and oolema (membrane) by sperm
-activation of egg cytoplasm (mRNA)
-elevation of fertilization envelope
-germinal vesical breakdown
-mix of genetic material
hyaluronidase- enzyme that degrades cell adhesion molecules in zona pellucida

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3
Q

cleavage

A
  • mitosis and cytokinesis
  • determinate and indeterminate
  • cdk ,G1, G2, and S cyclin control divisions (maternal mRNA)
  • makes blastula
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4
Q

determinate cleavage

A

each blastomere does not have the capacity to develop an embryo (mosaic)

  • highly determined cell lineage committed by cytoplasmic factors
  • rigid; no twins
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5
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

when the cell in deuterosome divides, each one can develop (each has grey crescent)
-animal/vegetal parts
(regulative)

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6
Q

gastrulation

A

turning on the genes of the embryo

  • primary induction, sets germ layers
  • cell movement (not division)
  • stored mRNA is translated and directs which genes are expressed
  • when notochord starts forming
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7
Q

neuralation

A

formation of neural plate/tube/fold/groove

-becomes spine

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8
Q

mitosis

A

1 DNA replication and division
2 identical diploid
-makes adult

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9
Q

meiosis

A

1 DNA replication
2 divisions
4 genetically different haploid

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10
Q

spermatogenisis

A
  • spermategonium
  • primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte
  • spermatid
  • acrosomes- head with hydrolitic enzymes
  • mitochondrion
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11
Q

oogenisis

A
  1. oogonium
  2. primary and secondary oocyte + polar body
  3. 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
    - egg will be loaded with yolk by vitellogenisis before meiosis
    - eggs have binder sites and protein marker for sperm
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12
Q

responses of egg

A
  1. block polyspermy (sodium)
    - calcium release
  2. competition of meiosis
    - egg is release at various stages
  3. metabolic activation- increase cell number
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13
Q

insects

A
  • nurse cells move material (mRNA) into oocyte
  • syclytial blastoderm
  • nuclei line up along surface and form membranes between them
  • mRNA for nanos (head/anterior) and bicoid (anus/posterior)
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14
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

is a complete cleavage meaning it completely penetrates the egg
-not a lot of yolk

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15
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

is incomplete or partial cleavage meaning it does not penetrate the egg completely.
-a lot of yolk

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16
Q

polar lobes

A
  • ooplasmic segregation
  • has instructions for polarity
  • ensures that 1 of the cells will receive instruction
  • becomes mesoderm
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17
Q

Macha-1 and Tumirate development

A

red cells secrete FGF, surrounding cells have receptors for FGF, striped cells have mocha-1 mRNA

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18
Q

chimeras

A

animal with 2 or more populations of genetically distinct cells originating from diff zygotes
-two embryos fusing

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19
Q

fate maps in blastula

A
  • set by cytoplasmic factors
  • when cells in embryo are in contact the interactions determine fate
  • positional development
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20
Q

differentiation

A

a progressive limiting of developmental potential and increasing specialization of function guided by pancrine signals
-totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent

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21
Q

totipotent

A

can form any cell in body or outside

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22
Q

pluripotent

A

form almost all body body cells but not cells of embryotic origin (like the trophoblast)
-associated with embryonic stem cells (in blastocyst)

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23
Q

multipotent

A

form progressively more restricted subsets (like mesodermal related cells)

  • any blood cell (hematopoietic stem cell)
  • any t lymphocyte (helper, cytoxic, hypersensitivity, or regulatory)
  • helper t cells
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24
Q

ectoderm development

A
  • epidermis
  • central nervous system
  • sense organs
  • neural crest
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25
Q

mesoderm development

A

skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, gonads

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26
Q

endoderm development

A

lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

  • liver
  • pancreas
27
Q

primary induction

A

sets the three germ layers

-the rest are secondary

28
Q

Beta caterin

A
  • what cells express when entering dorsal lip
  • chordomesodermal cells express it
  • inhibits BMP4 from early forming cells
29
Q

BMP4

A
  • secreted from both sides of notochord causing skin (ectoderm forms neural tissue)
  • induces production of ventral structures
  • microinjection of B-catenin and mRNA can do the same thing as the mesoderm
30
Q

permissive

A

structure is allowed to form by blocking new signal

31
Q

instructive

A

new structure is cause to form by a signal

32
Q

B-catenin with TCT3

A

causes an expression of transcription factor siamolis, activating production of goose coid

33
Q

posterior portion of notochord

A

affects neural tube development; forming spinal cord

-no SHH then the anterior neural tube forms brain through pax-b

34
Q

serial secondary inductions

A
  • chordomesoderm allows ectoderm to form neural tube
  • both sides expand forming optic cup (ectoderm)
  • lens send signal to mesoderm for cornea
35
Q

Differentiation for treatment

A
  • NOMCH for hearing
  • Bmp4 and FGF for sweat gland
  • SHH for hair
36
Q

fruit fly heart

A

forms dorsal due to transcription factors tin man, GATA, and T-box (from ectoderm)
-from endoderm and ventral for humans

37
Q

Hom (insects) and Hox (mammals)

A
  • clusters of genes placed on chromosome
  • series of transcription factors
  • linear arrangment
  • control regulatory decisions
38
Q

genetic memory

A

where the cells are, then stored, then go back

-linear expression of genes for fruit fly

39
Q

Sex combs reduced

A

forms salivary glands in fruit flies

  • antenna complex
  • downstream target is fkh
40
Q

fkh

A

encodes transcription factor that activates salivary gland specific genes in fruit flies

41
Q

dpp

A
  • decapentaplegic
  • dorsally expressed gene
  • restricts salivary dev. (more broad dev. if not)
42
Q

darwins finches

A

BMP4- broader thicker beaks (thicker jaws in cichlid)

calmodulin- long beaks

43
Q

determinates

A

-dorsal causing in frogs
-shift to opposite side of sperm
(gradient?)

44
Q

neiuwkop center

A

wint proteins trigger beta-catenins production and maintnence in mesoderm
-gradient

45
Q

spermanns organizers

A
  • dickkopf, chordin, noggin

- block the formation of ventral mesoderm (normally induced by BMP4)

46
Q

morphagen

A

concentration gradient of soluble molecule

-establish anterior and posterior

47
Q

Bicoids and nanos

A
  • translation ofthem result in concentration gradient
  • nanos- caudal (posterior)
  • bicoid- hunchback (anterior)
  • prevent each other from being translated if in same area
48
Q

Gurken mRNA

A
  • placed on dorsal of egg nucleus and translated
  • moved to outer membrane of embryo and forms body
  • binds to receptors on follicular cells
  • dorsal mRNA is produced in absence
49
Q

gap genes

A

establish major regions along A/P axis

50
Q

pair-rule genes

A

establish segmentation with in regions

51
Q

segment polarity genes

A

establish gradients with in each segment

52
Q

imaginal discs

A

remember where they are at embryos start

53
Q

homeotic genes

A

encodes proteins that function as major transcription factors that switch on cascades of other genes
-determine form of segments

54
Q

macho-1

A

yes and FGF- mesenchyme
yes no FGF- muscle
no and FGF- notochord
no and no- nerve cord

55
Q

pax-6

A

-causes lens formation

56
Q

limb develpoment

A

Tbx4-5

  • duplication of genes
  • WNT-2C triggers the mesoderm to release FGF-10 into ectoderm
  • ectodermal ridge
57
Q

ectodermal ridge

A

secretes fgf-2 which holds cells in the progressive zone in an undifferentiated state

58
Q

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

A

posterior end of developing limb

  • secrete SHH
  • establish cone gradient
  • defines posterior and anterior
59
Q

ZPA transplant

A
  • new ridge

- misses 3/4 of limb

60
Q

blastema and limb regeneration

A
  • mass of cells behave like ectodermal ridge and ZPA
  • blastema forms distal portion
  • not complete
61
Q

paddlefish

A

-base of fin show similarities to ectodermal ridge

development of limbs=change gene regulation

62
Q

hox

A

show changes in the number of genes and number of clusters across evolutionary time
-geneomic evolution

63
Q

morphogenisis

A

cells communicate to inform each other of their location during a migration movement
-trigger differential use of genetic material

64
Q

egg yolk

A

mesolecithal- moderate amount in one side (amphibians)
telolecithal- large amount of yolk (birds and reptiles)
centrolecithal- large central yolk (insects)

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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