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Exam 1- development Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenisis

A
  • formation of haploid sex cells (meiosis)

- need certain number of chromosomes (diploid number)

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2
Q

fertilization

A

-penetration of egg zone pellucida (outside) and oolema (membrane) by sperm
-activation of egg cytoplasm (mRNA)
-elevation of fertilization envelope
-germinal vesical breakdown
-mix of genetic material
hyaluronidase- enzyme that degrades cell adhesion molecules in zona pellucida

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3
Q

cleavage

A
  • mitosis and cytokinesis
  • determinate and indeterminate
  • cdk ,G1, G2, and S cyclin control divisions (maternal mRNA)
  • makes blastula
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4
Q

determinate cleavage

A

each blastomere does not have the capacity to develop an embryo (mosaic)

  • highly determined cell lineage committed by cytoplasmic factors
  • rigid; no twins
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5
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

when the cell in deuterosome divides, each one can develop (each has grey crescent)
-animal/vegetal parts
(regulative)

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6
Q

gastrulation

A

turning on the genes of the embryo

  • primary induction, sets germ layers
  • cell movement (not division)
  • stored mRNA is translated and directs which genes are expressed
  • when notochord starts forming
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7
Q

neuralation

A

formation of neural plate/tube/fold/groove

-becomes spine

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8
Q

mitosis

A

1 DNA replication and division
2 identical diploid
-makes adult

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9
Q

meiosis

A

1 DNA replication
2 divisions
4 genetically different haploid

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10
Q

spermatogenisis

A
  • spermategonium
  • primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte
  • spermatid
  • acrosomes- head with hydrolitic enzymes
  • mitochondrion
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11
Q

oogenisis

A
  1. oogonium
  2. primary and secondary oocyte + polar body
  3. 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
    - egg will be loaded with yolk by vitellogenisis before meiosis
    - eggs have binder sites and protein marker for sperm
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12
Q

responses of egg

A
  1. block polyspermy (sodium)
    - calcium release
  2. competition of meiosis
    - egg is release at various stages
  3. metabolic activation- increase cell number
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13
Q

insects

A
  • nurse cells move material (mRNA) into oocyte
  • syclytial blastoderm
  • nuclei line up along surface and form membranes between them
  • mRNA for nanos (head/anterior) and bicoid (anus/posterior)
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14
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

is a complete cleavage meaning it completely penetrates the egg
-not a lot of yolk

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15
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

is incomplete or partial cleavage meaning it does not penetrate the egg completely.
-a lot of yolk

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16
Q

polar lobes

A
  • ooplasmic segregation
  • has instructions for polarity
  • ensures that 1 of the cells will receive instruction
  • becomes mesoderm
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17
Q

Macha-1 and Tumirate development

A

red cells secrete FGF, surrounding cells have receptors for FGF, striped cells have mocha-1 mRNA

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18
Q

chimeras

A

animal with 2 or more populations of genetically distinct cells originating from diff zygotes
-two embryos fusing

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19
Q

fate maps in blastula

A
  • set by cytoplasmic factors
  • when cells in embryo are in contact the interactions determine fate
  • positional development
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20
Q

differentiation

A

a progressive limiting of developmental potential and increasing specialization of function guided by pancrine signals
-totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent

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21
Q

totipotent

A

can form any cell in body or outside

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22
Q

pluripotent

A

form almost all body body cells but not cells of embryotic origin (like the trophoblast)
-associated with embryonic stem cells (in blastocyst)

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23
Q

multipotent

A

form progressively more restricted subsets (like mesodermal related cells)

  • any blood cell (hematopoietic stem cell)
  • any t lymphocyte (helper, cytoxic, hypersensitivity, or regulatory)
  • helper t cells
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24
Q

ectoderm development

A
  • epidermis
  • central nervous system
  • sense organs
  • neural crest
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25
mesoderm development
skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, gonads
26
endoderm development
lining of digestive and respiratory tracts - liver - pancreas
27
primary induction
sets the three germ layers | -the rest are secondary
28
Beta caterin
- what cells express when entering dorsal lip - chordomesodermal cells express it - inhibits BMP4 from early forming cells
29
BMP4
- secreted from both sides of notochord causing skin (ectoderm forms neural tissue) - induces production of ventral structures - microinjection of B-catenin and mRNA can do the same thing as the mesoderm
30
permissive
structure is allowed to form by blocking new signal
31
instructive
new structure is cause to form by a signal
32
B-catenin with TCT3
causes an expression of transcription factor siamolis, activating production of goose coid
33
posterior portion of notochord
affects neural tube development; forming spinal cord | -no SHH then the anterior neural tube forms brain through pax-b
34
serial secondary inductions
- chordomesoderm allows ectoderm to form neural tube - both sides expand forming optic cup (ectoderm) - lens send signal to mesoderm for cornea
35
Differentiation for treatment
- NOMCH for hearing - Bmp4 and FGF for sweat gland - SHH for hair
36
fruit fly heart
forms dorsal due to transcription factors tin man, GATA, and T-box (from ectoderm) -from endoderm and ventral for humans
37
Hom (insects) and Hox (mammals)
- clusters of genes placed on chromosome - series of transcription factors - linear arrangment - control regulatory decisions
38
genetic memory
where the cells are, then stored, then go back | -linear expression of genes for fruit fly
39
Sex combs reduced
forms salivary glands in fruit flies - antenna complex - downstream target is fkh
40
fkh
encodes transcription factor that activates salivary gland specific genes in fruit flies
41
dpp
- decapentaplegic - dorsally expressed gene - restricts salivary dev. (more broad dev. if not)
42
darwins finches
BMP4- broader thicker beaks (thicker jaws in cichlid) | calmodulin- long beaks
43
determinates
-dorsal causing in frogs -shift to opposite side of sperm (gradient?)
44
neiuwkop center
wint proteins trigger beta-catenins production and maintnence in mesoderm -gradient
45
spermanns organizers
- dickkopf, chordin, noggin | - block the formation of ventral mesoderm (normally induced by BMP4)
46
morphagen
concentration gradient of soluble molecule | -establish anterior and posterior
47
Bicoids and nanos
- translation ofthem result in concentration gradient - nanos- caudal (posterior) - bicoid- hunchback (anterior) - prevent each other from being translated if in same area
48
Gurken mRNA
- placed on dorsal of egg nucleus and translated - moved to outer membrane of embryo and forms body - binds to receptors on follicular cells - dorsal mRNA is produced in absence
49
gap genes
establish major regions along A/P axis
50
pair-rule genes
establish segmentation with in regions
51
segment polarity genes
establish gradients with in each segment
52
imaginal discs
remember where they are at embryos start
53
homeotic genes
encodes proteins that function as major transcription factors that switch on cascades of other genes -determine form of segments
54
macho-1
yes and FGF- mesenchyme yes no FGF- muscle no and FGF- notochord no and no- nerve cord
55
pax-6
-causes lens formation
56
limb develpoment
Tbx4-5 - duplication of genes - WNT-2C triggers the mesoderm to release FGF-10 into ectoderm - ectodermal ridge
57
ectodermal ridge
secretes fgf-2 which holds cells in the progressive zone in an undifferentiated state
58
zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
posterior end of developing limb - secrete SHH - establish cone gradient - defines posterior and anterior
59
ZPA transplant
- new ridge | - misses 3/4 of limb
60
blastema and limb regeneration
- mass of cells behave like ectodermal ridge and ZPA - blastema forms distal portion - not complete
61
paddlefish
-base of fin show similarities to ectodermal ridge | development of limbs=change gene regulation
62
hox
show changes in the number of genes and number of clusters across evolutionary time -geneomic evolution
63
morphogenisis
cells communicate to inform each other of their location during a migration movement -trigger differential use of genetic material
64
egg yolk
mesolecithal- moderate amount in one side (amphibians) telolecithal- large amount of yolk (birds and reptiles) centrolecithal- large central yolk (insects)

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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