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KNES 2140- Psychological Perspectives > Exam 1 Content > Flashcards

Exam 1 Content Flashcards

1
Q

define sport

A

organized participation, competitive & rule based

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2
Q

define exercise

A

physical activity to achieve fitness, planned, structured, repetitive

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3
Q

what are the 4 most common career paths for exercise psych?

A

teaching, researching, consulting, coaching

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4
Q

What are the 4 principles of the CSPA Code of Ethics?

A
  1. respect for dignity of persons (confidentiality & rights)
  2. responsible caring (minimize harm, max benefits)
  3. integrity in relationships (honest)
  4. responsibility to society (athlete first, society second)
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5
Q

difference between mental performance consultant and sport/exercise psychologist

A

MPC- KNES route, can’t work with athletes on psychological disorders
S/EP- PhD in Psych, can work on psychological disorders

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6
Q

Who was Dr. Franklin Henry?

A

created scientific approach to physical education & psychological aspects of sport skill acquisition

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7
Q

What happened in the 60’s-70’s? (3)

A

-exercise programs became academic discipline
-first PhD program in Canada (Alderman)
-2 scholarly professional associations (NASPSPA in US-1967 & SCAPPS in CAN-1977)

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8
Q

What happened in the 70’s-80’s? (2)

A

-US Olympic committee hires first sport psychologist in 85
-Sport psych journals established

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9
Q

Main advancement in 1990’s?

A

Certification for mental performance consultants

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10
Q

What are predicted trends of sport psych in Canada?

A

-increased specialization, research/teaching, & demands for training
-online consulting & more representations for under-represented groups like elderly/disabled

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11
Q

Define the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?

A

understand how people initiate and adopt regular PA & study behavior change

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12
Q

What are the first 2 stages of TTM defined by?

A

Intent

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13
Q

What is the 3rd stage of TTM defined by?

A

Intention & behavior

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14
Q

What are the last 2 stages of TTM defined by?

A

Behavior

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15
Q

5 Cognitive Processes of Change

A
  1. Consciousness raising- seeking new info
  2. Self Re-evaluation- how you feel about behavior
  3. Environmental Re-evaluation- how behavior affects social factors
  4. Dramatic Relief- feelings from behavior that move you emotionally
  5. Social Liberation- awareness of factors that support behavior
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16
Q

What stages of TTM would you find Cognitive Processes of Change

A

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation (first 3)

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17
Q

5 Behavioral Processes of Change

A
  1. Self-liberation- strengthen belief of change
  2. Counterconditioning- substitute PA for sedentary activities
  3. Stimulus control- controlling cues that trigger inactivity
  4. Reinforcement management- rewarding active behaviors
  5. Helping relationships- social support
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18
Q

What stages of the TTM does behavioral change occur?

A

Preparation, action, maintenance (last 3)

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19
Q

How do you predict stage progression?

A

self-efficacy + decisional balance

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20
Q

Define Self-Efficacy Theory (SET)

A

belief in one’s ability to perform task successfully, but only predicts behavior when it is challenging

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21
Q

What are the 4 sources of self efficacy in the SET model & their intervention strategies?

A
  1. Mastery experience- previous success, IS= set achievable goals, reflect
  2. Vicarious Experience (Modelling)- make judgement on self according to how another performs, IS= find similar role models, imagery
  3. Social Persuasion- feedback from knowledgeable source, IS= ask, self-talk
  4. Physiological/Affective States- emotional cues determine performance, IS= mental skills, educate on normal states
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22
Q

Which of the 4 sources of SET is the strongest determinant?

A

Mastery Experience

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23
Q

Self Efficacy predicts what (strong & poor)?

A

strong- exercise initiation
weak- exercise maintenance

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24
Q

Define the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB):

A

planning something increases chances of accomplishment, intention is best predictor of behavior

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25
What are the 3 TPB Beliefs that determine antecendents?
1. Behavioral beliefs- pros/cons 2. Normative beliefs- value that others place on behavior 3. Control beliefs- barriers/facilitators
26
What are the 3 Antecedents of TPB that determine intension?
1. Attitudes- thoughts of behavior 2. Subjective norms- pressure to perform behavior 3. Perceived Behavioral Control- perceived ability
27
What are limitations of TPB?
-intensions can always weaken so cannot determine maintenance of behavior -as time between intention and behavior increases, predictability decreases
28
Describe Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
meta-theory of human motivation to explain motivation towards volitional behavior
29
Describe the 3 categories of the Organismic Integration Theory
Regulatory styles, sources of motivation, motivation regulators
30
3 Types of motivation in the OIT
amotivation- no intent extrinsic- intend driven by external motives (money, job) intrinsic- intent driven by internal motives (joy, satisfaction)
31
Describe the 6 Regulatory styles and their regulators and sources of motivation
1. Non-regulation: no intention, impersonal 2. External: external rewards, external 3. Introjected: ego/approval, somewhat external 4. Identified: value but not personal identity, somewhat internal 5. Integrated: core values, internal 6. Intrinsic: for satisfaction, internal
32
Describe Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT)
humans are motivated by innate needs that are universal across cultures and lifespans
33
3 Basic needs according to BPNT
1. Autonomy- feeling in control of one's fate 2. Competence- feeling able 3. Relatedness- feeling of belonging with others
34
What ratio of needs promotes the best outcome of the BPNT?
balance is > than high level in one and low in others
35
What are the 4 Dimensions to Body Image?
1. Affective- feelings/emotions 2. Perceptual- subjective representation 3. Cognitive- thoughts & beliefs about body 4. Behavioral- choices/actions based on other 3 dimensions
36
3 Subsections to Affective Dimension of Body Image
1. Body related shame- negative focus on self (I am ugly) 2. Body related guilt- negative feeling of failure (I didn't exercise for 2 weeks) 3. Body related pride- positive feeling of satisfaction (I am strong)
37
Authentic Pride vs Hubristic Pride
authentic is a focus on behaviors/outcomes of self (I feel fit) & hubristic is focus on attributes (I am skinny) with comparison/superiority to others
38
Avoidance behaviors vs Lifestyle behaviors
avoidance- actions to divert attention from body (baggy clothes, avoiding gym) lifestyle- actions to alter body due to body concerns (plastic surgery, over-exercising)
39
Body Image = (Body Reality) X (Body Ideal)
physical characteristics (height, weight) X how we think body should look/function
40
Define body image investment
impact of body on the 4 dimensions of body image (how much one cares about their body image)
41
Positive vs Negative Body Image
positive= more accurate perceptions of body, recognize spectrum of body shapes negative= negative thoughts of body, more maladaptive/risky behaviors
42
Body Dysmorphia
over exaggerated/inaccurate perception of body shape
43
Body dysmorphic disorder
excessive preoccupation with imagined defect in appearance, affect daily functioning
44
Muscle dysmorphia
chronic preoccupation with insufficient muscularity (thinks thinner than actuality)
45
3 Main eating disorders
Bulimia- binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain (normal weight) Anorexia- intense food restriction (underweight) Binge-eating disorder- compulsive overeating (overweight)
46
Social physique anxiety
Anxiety due to other's evaluations of physique in exercise settings, can cause more exercise for positive evaluations from others OR avoidance of exercise and evaluations altogether
47
Define mental health
Well being where individuals realize potential, cope with stress, work productively, and contribute to community
48
Define mental illness
alterations in thinking, mood, and/or behavior that cause distress and impaired functioning
49
Define mental health problem
insufficient criteria for mental illness but not in a state of mental wellness, treatment important to prevent from becoming mental illness
50
How many people in Canada experience mental health problems every year? How much does it cost the economy?
1 in 5, $50 billion
51
Preventative perspective of Exercise on mental health
sedentary people have higher risk of depression than active people
52
Treatment perspective of exercise on mental health
seen as as effective as relaxation, psychotherapy, and meditation on depressive symptoms, & no side effects
53
3 benefits to exercise as treatmentq
1. complements other treatments 2. cost effective 3. promotes both mental and physical benefits
54
What are the 5 Mechanisms of change theories?
1. Anthropological hypothesis 2. Endorphin hypothesis 3. Monoamine hypothesis 4. Distraction hypothesis 5. Self-efficacy
55
Describe anthropological hypothesis
human existence required PA for survival which impacted genetics, sedentary lifestyles have created health issues
56
Describe Endorphin Hypothesis
endorphins released during exercise are natural painkillers and help regulate emotions
57
Describe monoamine hypothesis
Neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) regulate emotions & exercising alters these by enhancing the brain chemistry
58
Describe distraction hypothesis
exercise distracts from stressors, breaks can improve overwhelm of mental load
59
Describe self efficacy hypothesis
SE improves with exercise as you get physical & mental benefits and a sense of accomplishment after
60

KNES 2140- Psychological Perspectives (4 decks)

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