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Phys 3 > Exam 1: Cont. > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Law of Laplace

A

Increase in tension will increase force of ventricular contraction

Larger chamber will have to generate more wall tension, consuming more energy and oxygen

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2
Q

Chronotropic

A

Affects HR

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3
Q

Dromotropic

A

Affects conduction velocity

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4
Q

Inotropic

A

Affects strength of contraction

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5
Q

Frank starling law of heart

A

Within physiologic limits, heart will pump all blood that returns without allowing excessive damming of blood in veins

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6
Q

Increased venous return causes …

A
  1. Increased stretch on cardiac muscle fibers
  2. Increased cross-bridge formation
  3. Increased calcium influx
  4. Increased stretch on SA node
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7
Q

Heterometric autoregulation

A

As cardiac fibers stretched force of contraction increased

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8
Q

Homeometric autoregulation

A

Increase strength of contraction independent of length change

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9
Q

Stretch on SA node will increase ___ permeability which will increase ___

A

Ca/Na

HR

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10
Q

Extrinsic influences on HR

A

ANS
Hormones
Ionic influences
Temperature

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11
Q

Sympathetics, using ____, does what?

A

NorEpi

Increase HR
+ strength of contraction
+ conduction velocity

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12
Q

Parasympathetics, using ___, does what?

A

ACTH

  • HR
  • strength of contraction
  • conduction velocity
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13
Q

___ has dominant - influence on resting HR

A

Parasympathetics

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14
Q

SNS blocked with ___, which is a beta blocker

A

Propranolol

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15
Q

Parasympathetic effects blocked using ___, which blocks muscarinic receptors

A

Atropine

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16
Q

Under resting conditions:
____ exerts dominant - effect on HR

____ exerts dominant + effect on strength of contraction

A

PSNS

SNS

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17
Q

___ accounts for most of SNS effect

A

Direct innervation of cardiac cells

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18
Q

Indirect effects of SNS due to

A

Circulating catecholamines (Epi and NorEpi)

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19
Q

Stimulation of left stellate ganglion

A

Decreased ventricular fibrillation threshold

Prolonged QT interval

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20
Q

Stimulation of right stellate ganglion

A

Increased ventricular fibrillation threshold

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21
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

Stretch on right atrial wall stimulates stretch receptors -> send signals to MO -> + SNS outflow to heart

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22
Q

Bainbridge reflex helps prevent

A

Damming of blood in heart and central veins

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23
Q

Benzold-Jarisch reflex

A

Stimulation of sensory endings mainly in ventricles -> reflex via CN X

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24
Q

Benzold-Jarisch reflex effects results in

A

Hypotension and bradycardia

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25
Q

Benzold-jarisch reflex stimulated by

A

Occlusion of circumflex Artery

Increase in LVP and LV volumes

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26
Q

Thyroid hormones influence

A

+ inotropic
+ chronotropic
Increase CO by increasing BMR

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27
Q

Effects of elevated K

A

Dilation and flaccidity of cardiac muscle

Decreases resting membrane potential

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28
Q

Effect of elevated Ca

A

Spastic contraction

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29
Q

HR increases about _____ for every degree F elevation in body temperature

A

10 beats

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30
Q

_____ will increase temporarily but prolonged fever can decrease contractile strength

A

Contractile strength

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31
Q

Decreased body temp decreases ___ and ___

A

HR

Strength

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32
Q

Preferred energy substrate

A

Fatty acids

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33
Q

Last resort energy substrate

A

Amino acids

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34
Q

75% of NRG heart utilizes is converted to

A

Heat

35
Q

EKG measures

A

Potential difference across surface of myocardium with respect to time

36
Q

Normal rate of bps

A

60-80

37
Q

> 100

A

Tachycardia

38
Q

< 50

A

Bradycardia

39
Q

If PR interval is greater than .2 sec, it indicates

A

1st degree AV block

40
Q

Normal PR interval

A

.16 sec

41
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

42
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

43
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

44
Q

Atrial repolarization is buried in the

A

QRS complex

45
Q

Routine EKG consists of 12 leads: 6 in the ___ and 6 in the ____

A

Frontal plane

Chest (horizontal plane)

46
Q

Wave of depolarization moving toward + electrode

A

Increase deflection

47
Q

Wave of repolarization moving toward + electrode

A

Decrease deflection

48
Q

Wave of depolarization moving toward - electrode

A

Decrease deflection

49
Q

Wave of repolarization moving toward - electrode

A

Increase deflection

50
Q

Lead 1 complementary to

A

AvF

51
Q

Lead 2 complementary to

A

AvL

52
Q

Lead 3 complementary to

A

AvR

53
Q

Infarction preceded by

A

Ischemia

54
Q

Sing of ischemia

A

Inverted T wave

55
Q

Hypertrophy: axis shifts _____

A

To side of problem

56
Q

____ deviation MC in Hypertrophy

A

L axis deviation

57
Q

HR order for EKG

A 
300
150
100
75
60
50
58
Q

PR interval

A

Time from SA node to entering ventricle

Includes AV nodal delay

59
Q

1st degree AV block

A

PR interval greater than .2 sec

60
Q

Prolonged QT interval

A

Increased incidence of sudden cardiac death

More likely to develop v fib

61
Q

Heart rate variability is ___, because it means there is varying autonomic tone

A

Good

62
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

Dropped beat

P wave with no associated QRS complex

63
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

No relationship between P waves and QRS complex

64
Q

Normal QRS complex duration

A

.06-.08 s

65
Q

Prolonged QRS complex associated with

A

Ventricular Hypertrophy

Conduction block in purkinje System

66
Q

Mean electrical axis

A

Average direction of ventricular depolarization

67
Q

Ventricle depolarizes in what direction

A

Base to apex

Endocardium to epicardium

68
Q

Normal axis between

A

-30 to + 105 degrees

69
Q

Conduction block and hypertrophy shift axis

A

To side of problem

70
Q

Left bundle branch block creates

A

Left axis deviation

71
Q

____ limits myocardial blood flow, especially in LV

A

Contraction of cardiac muscle

72
Q

Left coronary flow peaks at

A

Onset of diastole

73
Q

Right coronary flow peaks

A

Mid systole

74
Q

Resting myocardium O2 extracting rate

A

70% (maximal O2 out of perfusing coronary flow)

75
Q

O2 taken out at rest system wide

A

25%

76
Q

O2 taken out during exercise

A

50%

77
Q

Depolarization and repolarization waves should be in ___ direction, so QRS and T waves points in ___ direction

A

Opposite

Same

78
Q

Ischemia prolongs ___ and delays ____

A

Depolarization

Repolarization

79
Q

Ischemia causes depolarization and repolarization waves to be in

A

Same direction

80
Q

Damaged cells due to infarction lose ability to

A

Repolarize

81
Q

Most frank damage during infarction occurs due to

A

Reperfusion injury (ROS damage)

82
Q

Elevated ST segment suggests

A

Infarction

83
Q

Released when myocardial necrosis occurs

A

Troponin

84
Q

_____ are highly sensitive and specific for cardiac damage

A

Cardiac troponins T and I

Phys 3 (8 decks)

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