Exam 1 - Chapter 3 - Part 2

Question 1

muscle spindles

Answer 1

all somatic muscles

• the most important proprioceptor (contributes to majority of proprioceptor)
• serve both sensory and motor function
• higher number of spindles are located in muscles subserving fine movements (hand, etc)

Question 2

golgi tendon organs

Answer 2

located at muscilotendinous junctions
-1:10 GTOs extrafusal fibers

detect muscle tension

• rate and absolute amount
• activate with active contraction or passive lengthen
• dynamic code

tend to be inhibitor in nature
-produces muscle relaxation

override spindles

protective mechanism

Question 3

joint receptors

Answer 3

located in joint capsules and ligaments

provide information about:

• static position of a joint in space
• endpoint positions of joints during active movement

small contributor to conscious awareness

Question 4

primary sources of conscious perception of muscular force or effort

Answer 4

GTOs serve as the 1st source of muscular force or effort
(corollary discharge serves as a preferred source of effort)

corollary discharge is a copy of defending motor commands being sent to the higher-ordeer sensory centers

Question 5

sensory feedback & control

Answer 5

where you can manipulate the brain

proprioception
-body’s spatial positioning before, during and after

exproprioception

• orientation of the body to the surrounding environment
• visual and auditory feedback

Question 6

3 functions of sensory feedback

Answer 6

check for correctness
guides planning and/or modification
assists in learning or relearning

• mechanism: focus learner’s attention on available sensory information
• reinforcement

Question 7

Performance Errors

Answer 7

use sensory feedback to minimize the errors & make corrections

• inevitable - why?
• the quality of the feedback mechanisms is influences by experience
• influence of errors on performance depends on how well developed feedback mechanisms are

Question 8

error in performance

Answer 8

A. how much time it takes to complete the movement

B. quality of the feedback mechanisms available to the performer

Question 9

neuron

Answer 9

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses

Question 10

thalamus

Answer 10

the middle part of the diencephalon through which sensory impulses pass to reach the cerebral cortex.

• Sensory relay center
• Gating out irrelevant information
• Emotional response

Question 11

thalamic syndrome

Answer 11

a condition developed after a thalamic stroke, a stroke causing damage to the thalamus.

Question 12

agnosia

Answer 12

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage

Question 13

DC (Dorsal Column):

Answer 13

Fast transmission of fine touch,

pressure, skin vibrations and limb position (80-100m/s)

Question 14

ST (Spinothalamic):

Answer 14

Slower transmission

of touch, pain and temperature (1-40m/s)

Question 15

spinocerebellar tract

Answer 15

Carries information about the position of muscles both directly and indirectly from the muscle spindles to the cerebellum

Question 16

anterolateral system

Answer 16

a sensory pathway from the skin to the thalamus

Question 17

decussation

Answer 17

the action of crossing (as of nerve fibers) especially in the form of an X

Question 18

somatosensory cortex:

Answer 18

information is sent from the receptors via sensory nerves, through tracts in the spinal cord and finally into the brain.

Question 19

primary somatosensory cortex-SI

Answer 19

located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and makes up four distinct fields or regions

Question 20

secondary somatosensory cortex – SII

Answer 20

a region of cortex in the parietal operculum on the ceiling of the lateral sulcus

Question 21

kinesthesis

Answer 21

the sensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons, and joints; muscle sense

Question 22

corollary discharge

Answer 22

a copy of a motor command that is sent to the muscles to produce a movement