Exam 1 - Chapter 1 - Part 2

Question 1

Affordances are Unique to Individuals

Answer 1

child shooting basketball vs Kobe

baby comes downstairs on its tummie

Question 2

Dynamical and Ecological Model’s Ability to Account for Characteristics of Human Action

Answer 2

flexibility - self-organizing (effortless) properties of the human system made possible by the constant perception-action link

uniqueness - muscle groups are only temporarily constrained to work together

consistency - invariance of coordinated muscle groups

• posses certain consistency when we walk
• patterns of movements based on muscle structure

modifiability - self-organizing properties of the human system
- every task & muscle is unique

Question 3

coordination

Answer 3

the process by which an individual constrains or condenses the available degrees-of-freedom into the smallest number of possible set to achieve the goal

Question 4

degree-of-freedom

Answer 4

any of a limited number of ways in a body may move or in which a dynamic system may change (independently)

Question 5

3 solutions to the degrees of freedom problem

Answer 5

• containment of cost or efficiency
• muscle response synergy
• mechanical properties of the limbs
  1) exploitation of mechanical properties of muscles and their physical connections with ligaments to generate force
  2) manipulation of muscle stiffness

Question 6

self-organization

Answer 6

the autonomic emergence of behavior that can not be explained by one factor alone.

occurs only in complex systems that consist of many parts

ex. a human is complex because he/she consists of many elements or components

Question 7

Does One Theoretical Approach Better Explain How Movements Are Controlled?

Answer 7

Motor program theories better explain a performer’s actions in rule-based sport settings.

Dynamical and ecological approaches better explain how well-learned skills are performed.

The reflex theory of motor control can only explain how actions are performed consistently.

Question 8

abstract representation of movement

Answer 8

used to guide the planning and execution of a broad variety of movements

Question 9

varient parameters and invariant features of movements

Answer 9

are applied to the GMP in order to specify how a movement pattern is to be expressed

Question 10

motor equivalence

Answer 10

accounts for our ability to achieve the same movement outcome using different muscle groups

Question 11

Motor Programs (MPs)

Answer 11

movements are stored in memory in the form of plans or programs for movements

• prestructured sets of motor commands developed at the highest cortical level and sent to lower spinal centers

Question 12

deafferentation and deafferentation studies

Answer 12

• Deafferentation Studies
• Taub, 1976
• Taub & Berman, 1968

Question 13

response complexity studies

Answer 13

• Henry & Rogers, 1960

- Christina, 1992

Question 14

limb blocking studies

Answer 14

• Wadman, Denier van der Gon, Geuz, & Mol (1979)

Question 15

affordances

Answer 15

states that the world is perceived not only in terms of object shapes and spatial relationships but also in terms of object

Question 16

muscle response synergy

Answer 16

a group of muscles contained to act as a single behavioral unit (they act together as 1)

Question 17

motor skill

Answer 17

an action that involves your baby using his muscles