Exam 1: Chapter 10 Flashcards
Pre embryonic
fertilization through 2nd week
Embryonic
end of 2nd week through 8th week
fetal
end of the 8th week through birth
Average length of pregnancy
280 days from the first day of the LMP
Viability
capability of fetus to survive outside of the uterus
Amniotic fluid characteristics
98% water and 2% organic matter
Organic matter: albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin,
lecithin, sphingomyelin, epithelial cells, vernix and lanugo
Dynamic, constantly changing
Amniotic fluid: Oligohydramnios
Oligohydramnios (<500 mL, too little) uteroplacental insufficiency and renal abnormalities
Amniotic fluid: Hydramnios
Hydramnios (>2,000 mL, too much) associated with maternal diabetes, neural tube defects, chromosomal deviation, malformations of the CNS, GI alterations
Functions of amniotic fluid
§ Helps maintain a constant body temperature for the fetus
§ Permits symmetric growth and development
§ Cushions the fetus from trauma
§ Allow the umbilical cord to be relatively free of compression
§ Promotes fetal movement to enhance musculoskeletal
development
Down syndrome
Abnormality of chromosome number—trisomy21
§ Reasons
* 3 copies of chromosome 21
* Cells with an extra copy chromosome 21
* Translocation of chromosomes 21
§ Can be seen with a fetal nuchal translucency test—ultrasound
* When increased nuchal thickness is found
* Karyotyping can be done
Main characteristics
§ Hyper flexibility
§ Small feet and hands
§ Muscle hypotonia
§ Short neck
§ Almond shaped eyes that slant upward § Ulnar loop on the second digit
§ Short stature
Tay Sachs
Inherited disorder
§ Due to mutations
§ Insufficient activity of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, necessary for the breakdown of fatty substances in the brain
* Result: damage to nerve cells
o Autosomal recessive inheritance receive the gene from both parents
and both parents are carriers
IgG
onlyimmunoglobulinthatcrossestheplacenta—providespassive
acquired immunity to specific bacterial toxins
§ Production quickens when IgM responds (rid the problem)
§ Most common immunoglobulin
IgM
Fetus produced
Largest antibody
Starts the healing and recovery process -> First to respond
IgA
does not cross the placenta but are produced in large amounts in the colostrum
Lining of the respiratory tract and digestive tract
saliva, tears
breast milk
IgE
allergens and infection from a parasite
Placenta: development of the maternal blood supply to the placenta is complete by the end of
the first trimester of pregnancy (12 to 13 weeks)
The baby is fed through the _____ and ________
placenta and umbilical cord
T/F maternal blood and fetal blood cross
False, they do not cross
What is the main function of the placenta
serving as the interface between the mother and fetus (O2 and nutrients)
What hormones does the placenta make
HCG
progesterone
estrogen
relaxin
human placental lactogen or human choronic somatomammotropin
HCG
preserves the corpus luteum and its progesterone production, basis for pregnancy test
Progesterone
maintain endometrium
decreases contractility of the uterus
stimulates maternal metabolism and breast development
estrogen
enlargement of women’s breast, uterus, and external genitalia
stimulates myometrial contractility
relaxin
relaxation of pelvic ligaments
softens the cervix in preparation for birth
HpL and hCS
regulates fetal and maternal metabolism
development of breast for lactation
decreases maternal glucose utilization, which increases glucose availability to the fetus
The umbilical cord is formed in the ______
amnion
What does the umbilical cord contain for vasculature
one large vein (O2) and two small arteries (CO2)
Fetus does not need functioning kidneys in utero because the _____ acts as an organ of excretion, maintaining electrolyte balance
placenta
What is the first stool of a baby called? what is it like?
Meconium, black tarry substance usually passed within 24 hours of life
What are the three shunts during fetal life
ductus venosus
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
Ductus venosus
connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
Ductus arteriosus
connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta
Foramen ovale
anatomic opening between the right and left atrium
–> closes within 1 to 2 hours after birth
