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bio243 > Exam 1 - Ch.2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work

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2
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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4
Q

elements

A

substances that cannot be broken down any further

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5
Q

Most abundant elements in living organisms

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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6
Q

molecule

A

formed when two or more atoms combine

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7
Q

neutron charge

A

no charge

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8
Q

proton charge

A

positive charge

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9
Q

electron charge

A

negative charge

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10
Q

bond

A

not a physical structure but an energy relationship

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of bonds?

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
  3. Hydrogen
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12
Q

Ionic Bond

A

a bond formed when ions of opposite charges transfer electrons, usually between a metal and a nonmetal

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13
Q

Covalent Bone

A

involves a sharing of a pair of electrons, usually between two nonmetals

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14
Q

Polar bond

A

unequal sharing

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15
Q

non-polar bond

A

equal sharing

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16
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak bond between electropositive H of one molecule and electronegative O or N of another

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17
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  1. adhesion
  2. cohesion
  3. surface tension
  4. high heat capacity
  5. high heat of vaporization
  6. universal solvent
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18
Q

Cations

A

positively charged ions

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19
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions

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20
Q

synthesis

A

two or more atoms or molecules being joined

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21
Q

decomposition

A

larger molecules broken down into smaller ones

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22
Q

exchange

A

parts of molecules trading places

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23
Q

catalysts

A

influence the speed of chemical reactions (enzymes)

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24
Q

anabolic reactions

A

larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, a process requiring energy

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25
Q

catabolic reactions

A

larger molecules are broken down, releasing energy; often reversible

26
Q

metabolic pathway

A

a sequence of enzyme controlled reactions

27
Q

anabolism

A

provides the substances needed for growth and repair

28
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

removing a molecule of water to join two smaller molecules

29
Q

what are constructed via protein synthesis?

A
  1. polysaccharides
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
30
Q

catabolism

A

breaks apart larger molecules into their building blocks

31
Q

hydrolysis

A

a molecule of water is inserted into a polymer which is split into two smaller molecules

32
Q

enzymes/catalysts

A

control the rate of all metabolic reactions of the cell

33
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

lower the activation energy of a reaction so it may begin more rapidly?

34
Q

What are factors that can denature enzymes?

A
  1. heat
  2. ph extremes
  3. chemicals
  4. electricity
  5. radiation
35
Q

Biochemistry

A

study of chemical processes within living organisms

36
Q

organic compounds

A

contains carbon and covalent bonds

37
Q

inorganic compounds

A

includes some acids and bases, water and salts

38
Q

electrolytes

A

substances that release ions in water

39
Q

acids

A

electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

40
Q

bases

A

electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water

41
Q

pH

A

represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

42
Q

buffers

A

chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases to help minimise pH changes in body fluids

43
Q

human blood pH

A

7.33-7.45

44
Q

what are the organic compounds essential to human functioning?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
45
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

A

provide energy for cellular activities are are composes of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

46
Q

LIPIDS

A

organic substances that are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids

47
Q

FATS

A

supply energy for cellular function and are built from glycerol and three fatty acids

48
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

contain glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group and are important in cell structures e.g. plasma membrane

49
Q

STEROIDS

A

complex ring structures that include cholesterol and are used to synthesize the sex hormones

50
Q

PROTEINS

A

have a great variety of functions, enzymes, hormones (insulin), transport (hemoglobin), immunity (antibodies), movement (muscles), support (collagen)

51
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of protein

52
Q

conformations

A

protein shapes

53
Q

nucleic acids

A

stores hereditary information, contains C H O N P

54
Q

purine

A

contains two carbon rings and is made of pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. adenine and guanine (Pure As Gold)

55
Q

Pyrimidine

A

contains only one carbon ring
cytosine, thymine, and uracil (
CUT the py)

56
Q

DNA

A

instructions for building proteins, double stranded, sugar:deoxyribose
BASES: A, G, C, T

57
Q

complementary DNA

A

A - T
C - G

58
Q

RNA

A

carry info from DNA to ribosomes, single stranded, sugar: ribose
BASES: A, G, C, Urasil
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

59
Q

DNA replication

A

the DNA molecule splits, nucleotides form complementary pairs with he original strands

60
Q

genetic code

A

the correspondence of gene and protein building block sequences, instructions for making proteins

61
Q

mRNA aka messenger RNA

A

molecules are synthesized in the nucleus in a sequence complementary to the DNA template

bio243 (3 decks)

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