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Bio243 > Exam 1 - Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A

structural and functional unit of life, all organisms are made of 1 or more cells, cells arise from each other

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of a cell?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

lipid bilayer, separates intra and extracellular fluids

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4
Q

membrane lipids

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

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5
Q

Phosphate heads

A

polar and hydrophilic`

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6
Q

fatty acid tails

A

nonpolar and hyrophobic

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7
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface

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8
Q

cholesterol

A

increases membrane stability

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9
Q

membrane proteins

A

allow communication with environment, half of plasma membrane, integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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10
Q

integral proteins

A

firmly inserted into membrane, can have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, function as transport proteins, enzymes or receptors

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11
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely attached to integral proteins, function as enzymes, motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction and cell to cell connections

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12
Q

what are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. transport
  2. receptors for signal transduction
  3. attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
  4. enzymatic activity
  5. intercellular joining
  6. cell-cell recognition
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13
Q

transport

A

a protein that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute. some hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane

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14
Q

Receptors for signal transduction

A

a membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
When bound, the chemical messenger may cause a change in shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell

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15
Q

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

A

elements of the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix may anchor to membrane proteins, which helps maintain cell shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins

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16
Q

enzymatic activity

A

A membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution

A team of several enzymes in a membrane may catalyze sequential steps of a metabolic pathway

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17
Q

Intercellular joining

A

Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions.

Some membrane proteins of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell to cell interactions

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18
Q

Cell to Cell recognition

A

some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells

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19
Q

glycocayx

A

“sugar covering” at cell surface

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20
Q

cell junctions

A

Some cells “free”
EX. blood cells, sperm cells, some bound to communities

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways cells are bound?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
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22
Q

Tight junctions

A

purpose is to prevent liquids and small solids from moving between

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23
Q

gap junctions

A

allows small molecules to pass through

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24
Q

desmosomes

A

made of keratin, welds cells together and joins cells in a strong plaque

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25
Q

What are 2 ways to cross membrane?

A

passive and active processes

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26
Q

passive processes

A

no ATP required
substances move down their concentration gradient

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27
Q

active processes

A

ATP required
occurs only in living cell membranes

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28
Q

What are types of passive processes?

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. carrier and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
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29
Q

simple diffusion

A

non-polar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuses directly through the phospholipid bilayer

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30
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

certain lipophobic molecules transported passively by binding to protein carriers and moving through water-filled channels

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31
Q

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

aqueous channels formed by transmembrane proteins

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32
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

transport specific polar molecules too large for channels

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33
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across selectively permeable membrane

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34
Q

importance of osmosis

A

causes cells to swell and shrink, change in cell volume disrupts cell functions especially in neurons

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35
Q

tonicity

A

ability of solution to alter cells water volume

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36
Q

isotonic

A

solution with same non-penetrating solution as cytosol

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37
Q

hypertonic

A

solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration that cytosol, causes cell shrivel up

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38
Q

hypotonic

A

solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol, causes cell to swell

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39
Q

active processes of membrane transport

A

active transport and vesicular transport, both require ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane

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40
Q

active transport

A

moves solutes against concentration gradient, requires the help of carrier proteins

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41
Q

primary active transport

A

required energy directly from ATP hydrolysis, energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in transport protein that pump solutes across membrane

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42
Q

secondary active transport

A

required energy indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

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43
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

located in all plasma membranes, involved in primary and secondary active transport of nutrients and ions, pumps against Na and K gradients to maintain high intracellular K and high extracellular K and high extracellular Na concentration

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44
Q

cotransport

A

always transports more than one substance at a time

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45
Q

symport system

A

substances transported in same direction

46
Q

antiport system

A

substances transported in opposite directions

47
Q

vesicular transport

A

transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles
REQUIRES ATP

48
Q

exocytosis

A

transport out of the cell

49
Q

endocytosis

A

transport into the cell
EX. phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

50
Q

transcytosis

A

transfer into across and then out of the cell

51
Q

phagocytosis

A

pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell, used by many immune cells

52
Q

pinocytosis

A

plasma membrane unfolds, bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell nutrient absorption in the small intestine

53
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

allows specific endocytosis and transcytosis, cells use to concentrate materials in limited supply, uptake of enzymes, iron, insulin, viruses

54
Q

What are the roles of cell adhesion molecules?

A
  1. can anchor to extracellular matrix or each other
  2. assist in movement of cells past one another
  3. attract WBCs to injured or infected areas
55
Q

What are the roles of plasma membrane receptors?

A

contact signaling and chemical signaling

56
Q

cytoplasm

A

located between plasma membrane and nucleus, composed of cytosol and organelles

57
Q

membranous organelles

A

mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, ER, golgi

58
Q

non-membranous organelles

A

cytoskeleton, centroles, ribosomes

59
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane, provides ATP through cellular respiration

60
Q

ribosomes

A

granules containing protein and rRNA, site of protein synthesis

61
Q

ER

A

interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns

62
Q

rough ER

A

external surface studded with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins

63
Q

smooth ER

A

network of tubules continuous with rough ER, enzymes function in lipid metabolism, detox of drugs and converting glycogen into free glucose

64
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies concentrates and packages proteins and lips from rough ER

65
Q

lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes, digest ingested bacteria, viruses and toxins. Breaks down and releases glycogen

66
Q

peroxisomes

A

membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases, detoxifies harmful substances and neutralizes free radicals

67
Q

microfilament

A

thinnest of cytoskeletal elements, dynamic strands of protein actin, gives strength and compression resistance

68
Q

intermediate filaments

A

tough, insoluble, rope-like protein fibers, resist pulling forces on the cell and helps anchor organelles

69
Q

microtubules

A

largest of cytoskeletal elements, most radiate from centrosomes, determines overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles

70
Q

centrosome

A

cell center near nucleus, generates microtubules and organizes mitotic spindle

71
Q

centrioles

A

form basis of cilia and flagellum

72
Q

microvilli

A

minute fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane, increases surface area of absorption

73
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle, genetic library with blueprints for all cellular proteins, most are uninucleate (skeletal muscle cells) and some are multinucleate (liver cells) and red blood cells are anucleate

74
Q

chromatin

A

threadlike strands of DNA in the nucleus, arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes, condense into chromosomes when cell starts to divide

75
Q

cell cycle

A

interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis

76
Q

g1

77
Q

s

A

growth and dna synthesis

78
Q

g2

A

growth and final prep for division

79
Q

mitosis steps

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

80
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

81
Q

meiosis

A

cell division producing gametes

82
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm of cleavage furrow

83
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules attach to centromeres and draw them towards equator

84
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

85
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously each chromatid becomes a chromosomes

86
Q

telophase

A

chromatin forms, new nuclear membrane, spindle disappears, cleavage furrow

87
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide

88
Q

triplets

A

three sequential DNA nitrogen bases that form genetic library. each triplet specifies coding for number, kind and order of amino acids in polypeptide

89
Q

exons

A

code for amino acids

90
Q

introns

A

non-coding segments

91
Q

role od RNA

A

DNA decoding mechanism and messenger

92
Q

rRNA

A

structural component of ribosomes that along with tRNA helps translate message from mRNA

93
Q

tRNA

A

bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis

94
Q

what are the steps of protein synthesis?

A

transcription and translation

95
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

the nucleus

96
Q

Where does translation take place?

97
Q

transcription

A

transfer DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA

98
Q

What are the 3 phases of transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
99
Q

initiation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase separate DNA strands

100
Q

elongation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides

101
Q

termination of transcription

A

signal indicates stop

102
Q

translation

A

converts base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence of proteins

103
Q

codon

A

complementary three base sequence on mRNA

104
Q

initiation of translation

A

small ribosomal subunit binds to initiator tRNA and mRNA to be decoded, scans for start codon

105
Q

elongation of translation

A

3 steps: codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation

106
Q

termination of translation

A

when stop codon (UGA,UAA, UAG) enter a site

107
Q

what are the stop codons?

A

UGA - u go away
UAA - u are away
UAG - u are gone

108
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

like august, start of school

109
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

110
Q

hyperplasia

A

increases cell numbers when needed

111
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase size

Bio243 (3 decks)

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