Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6) Flashcards
Define development
the pattern of change beginning at conception and
continuing throughout the lifespan
Erik Erikson’s stages of development
- Trust versus mistrust: first year of infancy
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt: 1 to 3 years
- Initiative versus guilt: 3 to 5 years
- Industry versus inferiority: 6 years to puberty
- Identity versus identity confusion: 10 to 20 years
- Intimacy versus isolation: twenties and thirties
- Generativity versus stagnation: forties and fifties
- Integrity verses despair: sixties to death
Sigmund Freud’s stages of development
- Oral Stage: birth to 1 ½ years
- Anal Stage: 1 ½ to 3 years
- Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years
- Latency Stage: 6 years to puberty
- Genital Stage: puberty onward
Piaget’s stages of development
- Sensorimotor Stage: birth to 2 years
- Preoperational Stage: 2 to 7 years
- Concrete Operational Stage: 7 to 11 years
- Formal Operational Stage: 11 years through adulthood
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
Imprinting: when an animal forms a bond with the first thing they see after hatching
- Helps young birds recognize and stay close to their parents for safety
Lorenz observed young birds can imprint on almost anything (people, objects, etc.)
Lorenz’s research led to the idea that human infants need to be in close physical contact with their mothers early in life
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Sections
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Define evolutionary psychology
a psychological approach that studies human
behavior and cognition through the lens of evolutionary biology
Suggests many human traits/behaviors today are the result of psychological
adaptations developed by our ancestors
Define natural selection
an evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and leave the most fit offspring
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
tissue sample taken from the placenta through needle or catheter to check for genetic disorders/abnormalities
Ultrasound sonography
uses sound waves to create pictures of a fetus in the womb to check the health of the baby and identify potential problems
Define meiosis
cell division forming eggs and sperm (or gametes)
Define mitosis
the cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates
itself into two new cells
- Each contains the same DNA as the original cell
Sequence of the periods of prenatal development
Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Germinal period
Occurs in the first two weeks after conception
§ Creation of the zygote
§ Continued cell division
§ Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
§ Beginning of spinal cord, nervous system, heart, lungs,
gastrointestinal system
Embryonic period
Occurs two to eight weeks after conception
§ Rate of cell differentiation intensifies, and the mass of cells is now
called an embryo
§ Three layers of cells: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
§ Life-support systems for the embryo form and organs appear
(amnion, umbilical cord, placenta, organogenesis)
§ Face forming with eyes, ears, mouth, tooth buds, brain forming,
heartbeat detectable
Fetal period
Lasts about seven months, from between two months after
conception and birth
§ Fetus undergoes significant growth
§ Further development of organs and refinement of features
§ Preparing for life outside the womb
§ Can move arms/legs/fingers/toes, can smile/suck/swallow
§ Can distinguish sex and urinate
Pain relief options during labor
tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics
Anesthesia purpose
(late first stage, block sensation in an area of the body) tend not
to use general anesthesia, which blocks consciousness and can transmit to fetus
Epidural block purpose
numbs body from waist down
Oxytocin purpose
hormone that promotes uterine contractions (synthetic form
called Pitocin), shortens first stage of labor (induce labor
Lamaze breathing technique
a special breathing technique to
control pushing in the final stages of labor, along with a more detailed anatomy and
physiology course
Postpartum depression
a condition experienced by women that have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period
Postpartum depression symptoms
Persistent crying/sadness, irritability/mood swings, anxiety/expressing fears, not being able to bond with the baby, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, headaches/physical pain, insomnia or excessive sleeping
Postpartum depression treatment options
Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, counseling, antidepressants
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
o Occurs primarily in the first 6 months of life
o Linked to the hypothalamus
o Death is unexplained, usually occurs during sleep
SIDS risk factors
premature birth/low birth weight, sleeping on stomach or side, soft bedding or loose blankets, overheating, bed sharing, sleeping on a soft surface, exposure to secondhand smoke
NICU interventions
treatments and care plans for preterm infants
Kangaroo care
skin-to-skin contact with the baby against the parents’ bare
chest (standard practice)
Music
several systematic reviews suggest that musical and vocal
interventions may have beneficial effects on preterm infants’ behavioral states, physiological parameters, sleep quality, oral feeding, and pain
Massage
showed significant weight gain and greater bone mineral density
What are reflexes?
built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements
Rooting reflex
occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked, or the side of the
mouth is touched
§ Infant turns head to find something to suck
Sucking reflex
occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth
§ Enables them to get nourishment before they associated a nipple with
food
§ Serves as a self-soothing method
Moro reflex
occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement
§ Infant throws head back, flings out arms and legs, and arches back, and then contracts these movements
§ Believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling
Grasping reflex
occurs when something touches the infant’s palms
§ Responds by grasping tightly
What is the visual cliff?
a transparent surface creates the illusion of a drop-off, allowing researchers to observe if babies avoid crossing the perceived “cliff” edge
How does the visual cliff relate to depth perception?
if they avoid or are hesitant
crossing the drop-off, it indicates their ability to perceive depth
Define and list examples of gross motor skills
involves large-muscle activities
o Crawling
o Rolling over
o Standing
o Balance
o Walking
Define and list examples of fine motor skills
involve more finely tuned
movements, such as finger dexterity
o Palmar grasp: grasping with the whole hand
o Pincer grasp: grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger
Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development definition
infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions
o Infant progresses from instinctive, reflexive action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward end of stage
o Lasts from birth to about 2 years
Schemas
actions or representations to organize knowledge, structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects
Assimilation
using existing schemas to deal with new info (ex: calling all
moving vehicles on the road a car)
Accomodation
adjusting schemas to fit new info/experiences (ex: learning about motorcycles and trucks)
Attention and habituation
infants’ attention is strongly governed by novelty and
habituation
o Habituation: decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Language definition
a form of communication that is based on a system of
symbols and consisting of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them, allowing us to pass down info
Babbling
when babies can make sounds before they speak words, such
as “ba, ba, ba” allows for social interactions
Crying
can signal distress, different types of cries signal different things
Cooing
emerging at 2 to 4 months, is gurgling sounds that usually express pleasure
Define Broca’s Area
the region in the brain’s left frontal lobe that is involved in
speech production
Define Wernicke’s Area
the region in the brain’s left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension
Define child directed language
language spoken in a higher pitch and slower speed than normal, with simple words and sentences
o Captures attention, maintains social interaction, and highlights
differences between speech directed to children and adults
Genie Wiley case study summary and main purpose
Wiley was a victim of extreme isolation, abuse, and neglect and was discovered in 1970 at age 13
o Confined to a small room and deprived of language her whole life
o Researchers used her to study language acquisition and critical periods of development, wanting to find out if she could still learn language
§ Never fully developed grammar or fluent speech, supporting the
critical period hypothesis (suggests there is a limited window in early childhood for acquiring language naturally)
o Purpose: to study the effects of deprivation on cognitive, social, and
linguistic development and see whether rehabilitation could reverse the effects of severe neglect
Emotions
The feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or
interaction that is important to self and well-being
Mary Ainsworth work related to bonding
Created the “Strange Situation”
§ Identified four attachment styles: securely attached, insecure-avoidant,
insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized
What is Attachment Theory?
Explains how early emotional bonds formed between
infants and their primary caregivers significantly impacts a person’s future
relationships and social development throughout their life
List and define the types of attachments
- Securely attached
- Insecure avoidant
- Insecure resistant
- Insecure disorganized
What is the strange situation?
An observational measure of infant attachment, takes 20 minutes, infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger
List and briefly describe Urie Bronfenbrenner’s five environmental systems and provide examples of each
Microsystem: setting in which the individual lives and helps to construct
o School, family, etc.
* Mesosystem: the relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
o Teacher & parents’ relationship, etc.
* Exosystem: links between a social setting in which the individual has a passive role and their immediate context
o Parents’ workplace environment, extended family, etc.
* Macrosystem: the culture in which individuals live
o Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.
* Chronosystem: the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course
o Divorce, birth of a sibling, moving, etc.
Name and describe three prenatal diagnostic tests
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): tissue sample taken from the placenta through needle or catheter to check for genetic disorders/abnormalities
* Ultrasound sonography: uses sound waves to create pictures of a fetus in the womb to check the health of the baby and identify potential problems
* Amniocentesis: a small amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus is extracted and analyzed to detect potential genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus
Define teratogen and illustrate your answer by listing at least six teratogens one should avoid during pregnancy
Teratogen: any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral developmental outcomes
* Examples: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin
Define SIDS and list five risk factors associated with an infant dying from SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
* Occurs primarily in the first 6 months of life
* Linked to the hypothalamus
* Death is unexplained, usually occurs during sleep
* Risk factors: Sleeping on stomach or side, overheating, bed sharing, sleeping on a soft surface, exposure to secondhand smoke
List five benefits that a child receives from breast feeding
- Strengthened immune system
- Reduced risk of allergies or asthma
- SIDS protection
- Healthy brain development from nutrients
- Lower likelihood of ear infections
Define gross motor skills and fine motor skills and give an example for each
Gross motor skills: involves large-muscle activities, such as walking
a. Crawling
* Fine motor skills: involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
a. Palmar grasp: grasping with the whole hand
Briefly describe postpartum depression and symptoms. Based on the text and class, what would you consider the two effective treatment methods for postpartum depression?
A condition experienced by women that have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period
* Symptoms: Persistent crying/sadness, irritability/mood swings, anxiety/expressing fears, not being able to bond with the baby, fatigue, sleeping issues
* Effective treatment methods: interpersonal therapy and antidepressants
Describe schemas. What are the processes of accommodation and assimilation? How are they related to schemas?
Actions or representations to organize knowledge, structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects
* Assimilation: using existing schemas to deal with new info (ex: calling all moving vehicles on the road a car)
* Accommodation: adjusting schemas to fit new info/experiences (ex: learning about motorcycles and trucks)
Long before infants speak recognizable words, they product several vocalizations. Describe three vocalizations in the order they appear in infants
- Crying: can signal distress, different types of cries signal different things
- Cooing: emerging a 2 to 4 months, is gurgling sounds that usually express pleasure
- Babbling: when babies can make sounds before they speak words, such as “ba, ba, ba” allows for social interactions
A recent study revealed that habituation assessed at 3 or 6 months of age is linked to verbal skills and intelligence at 32 months of age. How can parents use the concepts of habituation and dishabituation to better interact with their babies and maybe boost their verbal skills and intelligence in the process?
- Habituation: decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
- Dishabituation: recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
- Parents can regularly expose babies to new sights, sounds, and objects; change tone, pitch, and facial expressions when speaking to maintain attention; engage in interactive play to encourage exploration
Trust vs mistrust
Trusting our caretakers
Are we getting our needs met?
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Recognizing our behavior is our own, gaining independence
If children are punished too much, they carry shame and doubt into the
future
Initiative vs guilt
Facing new challenges that require responsible behavior
Guilt can arise if child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious
Industry vs inferiority
Interacting more with children their age, learning new skills
May develop inferiority compared to others
Identity vs identity confusion
Adolescence stage of life
Finding out who you are, your identity, and exploring different roles
Intimacy vs isolation
Forming close relationships (friendships, romantic partners)
If close relationships don’t occur, could feel isolated
Generativity vs stagnation
Concern for helping the younger generation and feeling we have a purpose
Volunteering, starting up a company for helping others, etc.
Integrity vs despair
Reflecting on life
Integrity: spent life well and met their goals
Despair: filled with fear and doubt
Oral stage
Infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal stage
Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus (bowel & bladder)
Phallic stage
Child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
Latency stage
Child represses sexual interest and develop social and intellectual skills
Genital stage
A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone
outside the family
Sensorimotor stage
Infant constructs understanding of world by coordinating sensory
experiences with physical actions
Infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage
Preoperational stage
Child begins to represent the world with words and images
Reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of
sensory info and physical action
Concrete operational stage
Child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets
Formal operational stage
Adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways
Microsystem
setting in which the individual lives and helps to construct
School, family, etc.
Mesosystem
the relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
Teacher & parents’ relationship, etc.
Exosystem
links between a social setting in which the individual has a passive role in their immediate context
Parents’ workplace environment, extended family, etc.
Macrosystem
the culture in which individuals live
Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.
Chronosystem
the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course
Divorce, birth of a sibling, moving, etc.
First stage of childbirth
uterine contractions are 12 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute
a. Longest stage, 6 to 12 hours
b. Cervix dilated to 10 inches
Second stage of childbirth
baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal
a. Takes 45 minutes to an hour and ends when the baby completely emerges from the mother’s body
Third stage of childbirth
afterbirth
a. When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and
expelled, lasting only minutes
John Bowlby’s work related to bonding
- Determined that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences for optimal social relationship
development throughout the lifespan - Monkeys were given a choice between a wire mother with a bottle and a soft cloth mother without food showed that the monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the cloth mother, demonstrating the importance of comfort and contact over just nourishment.
- Links between attachment and emotional understanding, conscience development, self-concept, and joint attention
Phase 1 of Attachment Theory
birth-2 months
§ Infants direct attachment to human figures (strangers, siblings, parents)
Phase 2 of Attachment Theory
2-7 months
§ Attachment focuses on one figure, usually primary caregiver
Phase 3 of Attachment Theory
7-24 months
§ Specific attachments form, increased locomotor skills
§ Actively seek contact with caregivers
Phase 4 of Attachment Theory
24 months-on
§ Children aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and takes these
into account in forming their own actions
Securely attached
Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore
the environment, caregiver responds consistently to needs, babies play
active role in interactions
Insecure avoidant
Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver, caregiver tends
to be unavailable and rejecting
Insecure resistant
Cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting
against the closeness, caregiver is inconsistent and tends not to be very
affectionate
Insecure disorganized
Appear disoriented, showing strong patterns of avoidance and resistance, caregivers often neglect or physically abuse children
