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EDF3110 Human Growth & Development > Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

Define development

A

the pattern of change beginning at conception and
continuing throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Erik Erikson’s stages of development

A
  1. Trust versus mistrust: first year of infancy
  2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt: 1 to 3 years
  3. Initiative versus guilt: 3 to 5 years
  4. Industry versus inferiority: 6 years to puberty
  5. Identity versus identity confusion: 10 to 20 years
  6. Intimacy versus isolation: twenties and thirties
  7. Generativity versus stagnation: forties and fifties
  8. Integrity verses despair: sixties to death
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3
Q

Sigmund Freud’s stages of development

A
  1. Oral Stage: birth to 1 ½ years
  2. Anal Stage: 1 ½ to 3 years
  3. Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years
  4. Latency Stage: 6 years to puberty
  5. Genital Stage: puberty onward
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4
Q

Piaget’s stages of development

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage: birth to 2 years
  2. Preoperational Stage: 2 to 7 years
  3. Concrete Operational Stage: 7 to 11 years
  4. Formal Operational Stage: 11 years through adulthood
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5
Q

Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting

A

Imprinting: when an animal forms a bond with the first thing they see after hatching
- Helps young birds recognize and stay close to their parents for safety
Lorenz observed young birds can imprint on almost anything (people, objects, etc.)
Lorenz’s research led to the idea that human infants need to be in close physical contact with their mothers early in life

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6
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Sections

A

Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem

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7
Q

Define evolutionary psychology

A

a psychological approach that studies human
behavior and cognition through the lens of evolutionary biology
Suggests many human traits/behaviors today are the result of psychological
adaptations developed by our ancestors

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8
Q

Define natural selection

A

an evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and leave the most fit offspring

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9
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

tissue sample taken from the placenta through needle or catheter to check for genetic disorders/abnormalities

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10
Q

Ultrasound sonograhy

A

uses sound waves to create pictures of a fetus in the womb to check the health of the baby and identify potential problems

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11
Q

Define meiosis

A

cell division forming eggs and sperm (or gametes)

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12
Q

Define mitosis

A

the cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates
itself into two new cells
- Each contains the same DNA as the original cell

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13
Q

Sequence of the periods of prenatal development

A

Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period

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14
Q

Germinal period

A

Occurs in the first two weeks after conception
§ Creation of the zygote
§ Continued cell division
§ Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
§ Beginning of spinal cord, nervous system, heart, lungs,
gastrointestinal system

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15
Q

Embryonic period

A

Occurs two to eight weeks after conception
§ Rate of cell diLerentiation intensifies, and the mass of cells is now
called an embryo
§ Three layers of cells: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
§ Life-support systems for the embryo form and organs appear
(amnion, umbilical cord, placenta, organogenesis)
§ Face forming with eyes, ears, mouth, tooth buds, brain forming,
heartbeat detectable

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16
Q

Fetal period

A

Lasts about seven months, from between two months after
conception and birth
§ Fetus undergoes significant growth
§ Further development of organs and refinement of features
§ Preparing for life outside the womb
§ Can move arms/legs/fingers/toes, can smile/suck/swallow
§ Can distinguish sex and urinate

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17
Q

Pain relief options during labor

A

tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics

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18
Q

Anesthesia purpose

A

(late first stage, block sensation in an area of the body) tend not
to use general anesthesia, which blocks consciousness and can transmit to fetus

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19
Q

Epidural block purpose

A

numbs body from waist down

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20
Q

Oxytocin purpose

A

hormone that promotes uterine contractions (synthetic form
called Pitocin), shortens first stage of labor (induce labor

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21
Q

Lamaze breathing technique

A

a special breathing technique to
control pushing in the final stages of labor, along with a more detailed anatomy and
physiology course

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22
Q

Postpartum depression

A

a condition experienced by women that have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period

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23
Q

Postpartum depression symptoms

A

Persistent crying/sadness, irritability/mood swings, anxiety/expressing fears, not being able to bond with the baby, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, headaches/physical pain, insomnia or excessive sleeping

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24
Q

Postpartum depression treatment options

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, counseling, antidepressants

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25
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
o Occurs primarily in the first 6 months of life
o Linked to the hypothalamus
o Death is unexplained, usually occurs during sleep

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26
Q

SIDS risk factors

A

premature birth/low birth weight, sleeping on stomach or side, soft bedding or loose blankets, overheating, bed sharing, sleeping on a soft surface, exposure to secondhand smoke

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27
Q

NICU interventions

A

treatments and care plans for preterm infants

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28
Q

Kangaroo care

A

skin-to-skin contact with the baby against the parents’ bare
chest (standard practice)

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29
Q

Music

A

several systematic reviews suggest that musical and vocal
interventions may have beneficial effects on preterm infants’ behavioral states, physiological parameters, sleep quality, oral feeding, and pain

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30
Q

Massage

A

showed significant weight gain and greater bone mineral density

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31
Q

What are reflexes?

A

built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements

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32
Q

Rooting reflex

A

occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked, or the side of the
mouth is touched
§ Infant turns head to find something to suck

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33
Q

Sucking reflex

A

occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth
§ Enables them to get nourishment before they associated a nipple with
food
§ Serves as a self-soothing method

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34
Q

Moro reflex

A

occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement
§ Infant throws head back, flings out arms and legs, and arches back, and then contracts these movements
§ Believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling

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35
Q

Grasping reflex

A

occurs when something touches the infant’s palms
§ Responds by grasping tightly

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36
Q

What is the visual cliff?

A

a transparent surface creates the illusion of a drop-off, allowing researchers to observe if babies avoid crossing the perceived “cliff” edge

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37
Q

How does the visual cliff relate to depth perception?

A

if they avoid or are hesitant
crossing the drop-off, it indicates their ability to perceive depth

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38
Q

Define and list examples of gross motor skills

A

involves large-muscle activities,
such as walking
o Crawling
o Rolling over
o Standing
o Balance
o Walking

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39
Q

Define and list examples of fine motor skills

A

involve more finely tuned
movements, such as finger dexterity
o Palmar grasp: grasping with the whole hand
o Pincer grasp: grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger

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40
Q

Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development definition

A

infants construct an
understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences
o Lasts from birth to about 2 years

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41
Q

Schemas

A

actions or representations to organize knowledge, structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects

42
Q

Assimilation

A

using existing schemas to deal with new info (ex: calling all
moving vehicles on the road a car)

43
Q

Accomodation

A

adjusting schemas to fit new info/experiences (ex: learning about motorcycles and trucks)

44
Q

Attention and habituation

A

infants’ attention is strongly governed by novelty and
habituation
o Habituation: decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

45
Q

Language definition

A

a form of communication that is based on a system of
symbols and consisting of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them, allowing us to pass down info

46
Q

Babbling

A

when babies can make sounds before they speak words, such
as “ba, ba, ba” allows for social interactions

47
Q

Crying

A

can signal distress, different types of cries signal different things

48
Q

Cooing

A

emerging a 2 to 4 months, is gurgling sounds that usually express
pleasure

49
Q

Define Broca’s Area

A

the region in the brain’s left frontal lobe that is involved in
speech production

50
Q

Define Wernicke’s Area

A

the region in the brain’s left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension

51
Q

Define child directed language

A

language spoken in a higher pitch and slower speed than normal, with simple words and sentences
o Captures attention, maintains social interaction, and highlights
differences between speech directed to children and adults

52
Q

Genie Wiley case study summary and main purpose

A

Wiley was a victim of extreme isolation, abuse, and neglect and was discovered in 1970 at age 13
o Confined to a small room and deprived of language her whole life
o Researchers used her to study language acquisition and critical periods of development, wanting to find out if she could still learn language
§ Never fully developed grammar or fluent speech, supporting the
critical period hypothesis (suggests there is a limited window in early childhood for acquiring language naturally)
o Purpose: to study the effects of deprivation on cognitive, social, and
linguistic development and see whether rehabilitation could reverse the effects of severe neglect

53
Q

Emotions

A

The feeling, or aLect, that occurs when a person is in a state or
interaction that is important to self and well-being

54
Q

Mary Ainsworth work related to bonding

A

Created the “Strange Situation”
§ Identified four attachment styles: securely attached, insecure-avoidant,
insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized

55
Q

What is Attachment Theory?

A

Explains how early emotional bonds formed between
infants and their primary caregivers significantly impacts a person’s future
relationships and social development throughout their life

56
Q

List and define the types of attachments

A
  1. Securely attached
  2. Insecure avoidant
  3. Insecure resistant
  4. Insecure disorganized
57
Q

What is the strange situation?

A

An observational measure of infant attachment, takes 20 minutes, infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger

58
Q

List and briefly describe Urie Bronfenbrenner’s five environmental systems and provide examples of each

A

Microsystem: setting in which the individual lives and helps to construct
o School, family, etc.
* Mesosystem: the relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
o Teacher & parents’ relationship, etc.
* Exosystem: links between a social setting in which the individual has a passive role and their immediate context
o Parents’ workplace environment, extended family, etc.
* Macrosystem: the culture in which individuals live
o Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.
* Chronosystem: the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course
o Divorce, birth of a sibling, moving, etc.

59
Q

Name and describe three prenatal diagnostic tests

A

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): tissue sample taken from the placenta through needle or catheter to check for genetic disorders/abnormalities
* Ultrasound sonography: uses sound waves to create pictures of a fetus in the womb to check the health of the baby and identify potential problems
* Amniocentesis: a small amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus is extracted and analyzed to detect potential genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus

60
Q

Define teratogen and illustrate your answer by listing at least six teratogens one should avoid during pregnancy

A

Teratogen: any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral developmental outcomes
* Examples: caLeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin

61
Q

Define SIDS and list five risk factors associated with an infant dying from SIDS

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
* Occurs primarily in the first 6 months of life
* Linked to the hypothalamus
* Death is unexplained, usually occurs during sleep
* Risk factors: Sleeping on stomach or side, overheating, bed sharing, sleeping on a soft surface, exposure to secondhand smoke

62
Q

List five benefits that a child receives from breast feeding

A
  • Strengthened immune system
  • Reduced risk of allergies or asthma
  • SIDS protection
  • Healthy brain development from nutrients
  • Lower likelihood of ear infections
63
Q

Define gross motor skills and fine motor skills and give an example for each

A

Gross motor skills: involves large-muscle activities, such as walking
a. Crawling
* Fine motor skills: involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
a. Palmar grasp: grasping with the whole hand

64
Q

Briefly describe postpartum depression and symptoms. Based on the text and class, what would you consider the two effective treatment methods for postpartum depression?

A

A condition experienced by women that have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period
* Symptoms: Persistent crying/sadness, irritability/mood swings, anxiety/expressing fears, not being able to bond with the baby, fatigue, sleeping issues
* Effective treatment methods: interpersonal therapy and antidepressants

65
Q

Describe schemas. What are the processes of accommodation and assimilation? How are they related to schemas?

A

Actions or representations to organize knowledge, structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects
* Assimilation: using existing schemas to deal with new info (ex: calling all moving vehicles on the road a car)
* Accommodation: adjusting schemas to fit new info/experiences (ex: learning about motorcycles and trucks)

66
Q

Long before infants speak recognizable words, they product several vocalizations. Describe three vocalizations in the order they appear in infants

A
  • Crying: can signal distress, different types of cries signal different things
  • Cooing: emerging a 2 to 4 months, is gurgling sounds that usually express pleasure
  • Babbling: when babies can make sounds before they speak words, such as “ba, ba, ba” allows for social interactions
67
Q

A recent study revealed that habituation assessed at 3 or 6 months of age is linked to verbal skills and intelligence at 32 months of age. How can parents use the concepts of habituation and dishabituation to better interact with their babies and maybe boost their verbal skills and intelligence in the process?

A
  • Habituation: decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
  • Dishabituation: recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
  • Parents can regularly expose babies to new sights, sounds, and objects; change tone, pitch, and facial expressions when speaking to maintain attention; engage in interactive play to encourage exploration
68
Q

Trust vs mistrust

A

Trusting our caretakers
Are we getting our needs met?

69
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

Recognizing our behavior is our own, gaining independence
If children are punished too much, they carry shame and doubt into the
future

70
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

Facing new challenges that require responsible behavior
Guilt can arise if child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious

71
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

Interacting more with children their age, learning new skills
May develop inferiority compared to others

72
Q

Identity vs identity confusion

A

Adolescence stage of life
Finding out who you are, your identity, and exploring different roles

73
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

Forming close relationships (friendships, romantic partners)
If close relationships don’t occur, could feel isolated

74
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Concern for helping the younger generation and feeling we have a purpose
Volunteering, starting up a company for helping others, etc.

75
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

Reflecting on life
Integrity: spent life well and met their goals
Despair: filled with fear and doubt

76
Q

Oral stage

A

Infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth

77
Q

Anal stage

A

Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus (bowel & bladder)

78
Q

Phallic stage

A

Child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

79
Q

Latency stage

A

Child represses sexual interest and develop social and intellectual skills

80
Q

Genital stage

A

A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone
outside the family

81
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infant constructs understanding of world by coordinating sensory
experiences with physical actions
Infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage

82
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Child begins to represent the world with words and images
Reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of
sensory info and physical action

83
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

84
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways

85
Q

Microsystem

A

setting in which the individual lives and helps to construct
School, family, etc.

86
Q

Mesosystem

A

the relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
Teacher & parents’ relationship, etc.

87
Q

Exosystem

A

links between a social setting in which the individual has a passive role
and their immediate context
Parents’ workplace environment, extended family, etc.

88
Q

Macrosystem

A

the culture in which individuals live
Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.

89
Q

Chronosystem

A

the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course
Divorce, birth of a sibling, moving, etc.

90
Q

First stage of childbirth

A

uterine contractions are 12 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute
a. Longest stage, 6 to 12 hours
b. Cervix dilated to 10 inches

91
Q

Second stage of childbirth

A

baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal
a. Takes 45 minutes to an hour and ends when the baby completely emerges
from the mother’s body

92
Q

Third stage of childbirth

A

afterbirth
a. When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and
expelled, lasting only minutes

93
Q

John Bowlby’s work related to bonding

A

Determined that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences for optimal social relationship
development throughout the lifespan
§ Emphasized relationship with caregivers
§ Attachment influences the infant and plays a role in future responses
to other people
§ Links between attachment and emotional understanding, conscience
development, self-concept, and joint attention

94
Q

Phase 1 of Attachment Theory

A

birth-2 months
§ Infants direct attachment to human figures (strangers, siblings, parents)

95
Q

Phase 2 of Attachment Theory

A

2-7 months
§ Attachment focuses on one figure, usually primary caregiver

96
Q

Phase 3 of Attachment Theory

A

7-24 months
§ Specific attachments form, increased locomotor skills
§ Actively seek contact with caregivers

97
Q

Phase 4 of Attachment Theory

A

24 months-on
§ Children aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and takes these
into account in forming their own actions

98
Q

Securely attached

A

Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore
the environment, caregiver responds consistently to needs, babies play
active role in interactions

99
Q

Insecure avoidant

A

Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver, caregiver tends
to be unavailable and rejecting

100
Q

Insecure resistant

A

Cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting
against the closeness, caregiver is inconsistent and tends not to be very
affectionate

100
Q

Insecure disorganized

A

Appear disoriented, showing strong patterns of avoidance and resistance, caregivers often neglect or physically abuse children

EDF3110 Human Growth & Development (1 decks)

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