Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6) Flashcards
Define development
the pattern of change beginning at conception and
continuing throughout the lifespan
Erik Erikson’s stages of development
- Trust versus mistrust: first year of infancy
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt: 1 to 3 years
- Initiative versus guilt: 3 to 5 years
- Industry versus inferiority: 6 years to puberty
- Identity versus identity confusion: 10 to 20 years
- Intimacy versus isolation: twenties and thirties
- Generativity versus stagnation: forties and fifties
- Integrity verses despair: sixties to death
Sigmund Freud’s stages of development
- Oral Stage: birth to 1 ½ years
- Anal Stage: 1 ½ to 3 years
- Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years
- Latency Stage: 6 years to puberty
- Genital Stage: puberty onward
Piaget’s stages of development
- Sensorimotor Stage: birth to 2 years
- Preoperational Stage: 2 to 7 years
- Concrete Operational Stage: 7 to 11 years
- Formal Operational Stage: 11 years through adulthood
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
Imprinting: when an animal forms a bond with the first thing they see after hatching
- Helps young birds recognize and stay close to their parents for safety
Lorenz observed young birds can imprint on almost anything (people, objects, etc.)
Lorenz’s research led to the idea that human infants need to be in close physical contact with their mothers early in life
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Sections
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Define evolutionary psychology
a psychological approach that studies human
behavior and cognition through the lens of evolutionary biology
Suggests many human traits/behaviors today are the result of psychological
adaptations developed by our ancestors
Define natural selection
an evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and leave the most fit offspring
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
tissue sample taken from the placenta through needle or catheter to check for genetic disorders/abnormalities
Ultrasound sonography
uses sound waves to create pictures of a fetus in the womb to check the health of the baby and identify potential problems
Define meiosis
cell division forming eggs and sperm (or gametes)
Define mitosis
the cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates
itself into two new cells
- Each contains the same DNA as the original cell
Sequence of the periods of prenatal development
Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Germinal period
Occurs in the first two weeks after conception
§ Creation of the zygote
§ Continued cell division
§ Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
§ Beginning of spinal cord, nervous system, heart, lungs,
gastrointestinal system
Embryonic period
Occurs two to eight weeks after conception
§ Rate of cell differentiation intensifies, and the mass of cells is now
called an embryo
§ Three layers of cells: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
§ Life-support systems for the embryo form and organs appear
(amnion, umbilical cord, placenta, organogenesis)
§ Face forming with eyes, ears, mouth, tooth buds, brain forming,
heartbeat detectable
Fetal period
Lasts about seven months, from between two months after
conception and birth
§ Fetus undergoes significant growth
§ Further development of organs and refinement of features
§ Preparing for life outside the womb
§ Can move arms/legs/fingers/toes, can smile/suck/swallow
§ Can distinguish sex and urinate
Pain relief options during labor
tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics
Anesthesia purpose
(late first stage, block sensation in an area of the body) tend not
to use general anesthesia, which blocks consciousness and can transmit to fetus
Epidural block purpose
numbs body from waist down
Oxytocin purpose
hormone that promotes uterine contractions (synthetic form
called Pitocin), shortens first stage of labor (induce labor
Lamaze breathing technique
a special breathing technique to
control pushing in the final stages of labor, along with a more detailed anatomy and
physiology course
Postpartum depression
a condition experienced by women that have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period
Postpartum depression symptoms
Persistent crying/sadness, irritability/mood swings, anxiety/expressing fears, not being able to bond with the baby, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, headaches/physical pain, insomnia or excessive sleeping
Postpartum depression treatment options
Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, counseling, antidepressants