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BIO 107 > EXAM 1 - Ch. 1,3,4,5 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 - Ch. 1,3,4,5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 themes of biology?

A

organization (emergent prop.)
information (DNA)
energy & matter (sun)
interactions
EVOLUTION (overarching theme!)

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2
Q

Evolution explains _____ & ______.

A

unity - diversity

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3
Q

Water’s emergent properties: cohesion & _____, has a high specific ______, is a good ______, and expands when it ______.

A

adhesion - heat - solvent - freezes

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4
Q

Water’s versatility as a solvent has to do w/ it’s ______ & ability to form _______ bonds.

A

polarity (very polar) - hydrogen

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5
Q

Water has _____ covalent bonds between H-O. Oxygen is more ________, so it pulls the electrons of H towards itself.

A

polar - electonegative

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6
Q

Water: H’s have a partial ____ and the O has a partial ______.

A

H = (+) and O = (-)

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7
Q

Why does carbon form an enormous variety of biological molecules?

A

It can make 4 bonds w/ atoms or goups of atoms.

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8
Q

How many valences in each H - O - N - C?

A

H = 1, O = 2, N = 3, C = 4

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9
Q

Subatomic particle: atomic number = number of _____.

A

protons

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10
Q

Subatomic particle: mass number = ______ + ________.

A

protons + neutrons

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11
Q

Covalent bond is ______ of a pair of ________ between two atoms.

A

sharing - electrons

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12
Q

The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it _____ _______ _______ towards itself.

A

pulls shared electrons

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13
Q

If 2 atoms are so _______ in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner, what type of bond is this?

A

unequal - ionic

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14
Q

Isomers are chemicals with the same ______ formula but different _______ and properties.

A

molecular - structures

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15
Q

Enantiomers, a type of _______, are described as a ______ image of each other.

A

Isomer - mirror

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16
Q

A carbonyl group (C=O) is part of a _______ and _______.

A

ketone - aldehyde

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17
Q

A carboxyl group (–COOH) is part of a ________ acid.

A

carboxylic

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18
Q

An amine has an amino group and its formula is ______.

A

–NH2

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19
Q

A sulfhydryl group (–SH) is a _____.

A

thiol

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20
Q

Carbon’s atomic mass is 12 (top) and atomic number (bottom) is _______.

A

6

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21
Q

Oxygen’s atomic mass is 16 (top) and atomic number (bottom) is _____.

A

8

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22
Q

Hydrogen’s atomic mass and atomic number is ____.

A

1

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23
Q

Nitrogen’s atomic mass is 14 (top) and atomic number (bottom) is ____.

A

7

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24
Q

A ______ reaction builds a polymer by removal of _____. Is this catabolic or anabolic?

A

dehydration - water - anabolic

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25
Q

A ______ reaction breaks down a polymer by adding _____. Is this catabolic or anabolic?

A

hydrolysis - water - catabolic

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26
Q

4 examples of monosaccharides or monomers of carbohydrates?

A

fructose, glucose, ribose, glyceraldehyde

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27
Q

What functional group do monosaccharides have?

A

carbonyl (C=O)

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28
Q

3 examples of disaccharide?

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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29
Q

Sucrose (a disaccharide) is a dehydration reaction formed by _______ + glucose.

A

fructose

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30
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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31
Q

Plants store polysaccharides in the form of ______.

A

starch

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32
Q

The simplest form of starch stored in plants with ______ linkages is unbranched and called ______.

A

1-4 & amylose

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33
Q

A branched polymer or starch stored in plants with _____ linkages at the branch points is called ______.

A

1-6 & amylopectin

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34
Q

Cellulose has a different kind of _____ linkages and is always ______.

A

1-4 & unbranched

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35
Q

What type of bonds between parallel cellulose molecules hold them together?

A

H-bonds

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36
Q

A & B glucose ring structures differ in the _____ of the -OH group attached to C1.

A

orientation

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37
Q

Alpha glucose ring structures -OH group extends _____ and beta glucose ring structures _____.

A

down - up

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38
Q

Amylose & amylopectin’s 1-4 _____ linkages (-OH down) create a _______ structure.

A

alpha - helical

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39
Q

Cellulose’s glucose monomers C2 -OH group is _______ which creates a ______ structure.

A

alternating - non-helical

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40
Q

What direction does the hydroxyl (-OH) group on C2 of cellulose’s glucose monomers face?

A

alternating

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41
Q

Lipids are mainly composed of ________ and are mostly non-polar or ________.

A

hydrocarbons - hydrophobic

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42
Q

Fats consist of a ______ joined to 3 _______ ________.

A

glycerol - fatty acids

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43
Q

Glycerol is a/an _______, each of its carbons is attached to a/an _______ group.

A

alcohol - hydroxyl

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44
Q

Saturated fatty acid has ______ double bonds.

A

NO

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45
Q

Saturated fat has a very _______ melting point because its bonds are _______ packed. It is ______ at room temperature.

A

high - tightly - solid

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46
Q

Unsaturated fat has ______ double bonds and is ______ at room temperature.

A

1 or more - liquid

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47
Q

How many fatty acid chains do a fat molecule and phospholipid have?

A

Phospholipid 2 - fat molecule 3

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48
Q

What is attached to the glycerol on a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group

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49
Q

The phosphate group attached to the glycerol on a phospholipid is _______ charged, which allows it to interact w/ other charged or ______ molecules.

A

negatively - polar

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50
Q

Are all hormones lipids?

A

NO - some are proteins (i.e., insulin)

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51
Q

The precise primary structure of a protein is determined not by the random linking of _______ acids, but by inherited ________ information.

A

amino - genetic

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52
Q

Protein’s secondary structure coils & folds are due to _____ bonds of the polypeptide ________, NOT the R group side chains.

A

H - backbone

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53
Q

2 types of protein secondary structure are alpha ______ & beta ______ ______.

A

helix - pleated sheet

54
Q

Do tertiary protein structures involve backbone or R group side chain interactions? What types of interactions are they?

A

R group - H+, ionic, & hydrophobic

55
Q

Strong covalent bonds called _______ bridges may reinforce a proteins _______ structure.

A

disulfide - tertiary

56
Q

What determines a protein’s shape? List 3

A

pH, environment, chemical solvents

57
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of ______ monomers. RNA & DNA are ______ of nucleic acids.

A

nucleotide - polymers

58
Q

DNA directs ____ synthesis and controls protein synthesis through _____; this entire process is called gene ______.

A

RNA - RNA - expression

59
Q

Nucleic acids are _______ that exist as polymers called ______.

A

macromolecules - polynucleotides

60
Q

A nucleotide is composed of 3 main parts - nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon ______, and 1-3 ______ groups.

A

sugar (pentose) - phosphate

61
Q

In a nitrogenous base, there are ____ or _____ rings that include N atoms.

A

1 or 2

62
Q

A NUCLEOSIDE includes a nitrogenous base: ______ or ______+ a five-carbon sugar: ______ or ______.

A

purine or pyrimidine - deoxyribose or ribose

63
Q

Deoxyribose is in ______ and ribose is in ______.

A

DNA - RNA

64
Q

Nitrogenous bases: name the 3 pyrimidines (single rings)?

A

cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

65
Q

Of the 3 single-ringed nitrogenous bases (pyrimidines), which ones are in RNA and DNA?

A

Thymine in DNA - Uracil in RNA

66
Q

Nitrogenous bases: name the 2 purines (double rings)?

A

adenine & guanine

67
Q

What ion concentration is highest OUTSIDE or extracellular side of the cell?

A

Na+

68
Q

What ion concentration is lowest OUTSIDE or extracellular side of the cell?

A

K+

69
Q

What ion concentration is highest INSIDE or in the cytoplasm?

A

K+

70
Q

A/an _________ gradient and a/an ________ gradient together make up the electrochemical gradient for an ion.

A

concentration - electrical

71
Q

An electrical gradient exists if there is more _______ charge on one side of the membrane than the other. The charge difference across the membrane is called the membrane _________.

A

(+) / potential

72
Q

Under most conditions, cells have a ______ membrane potential, meaning that the inside of the cell has more negative charge than the outside. This is equivalent to saying that the outside of the cell has more ______ charge than the inside.

A

(-) / positive

73
Q

The cytoplasmic side of the membrane is ______ in charge relative to the extracellular side because of an unequal distribution of anions and cations on the two sides.

A

(-)

74
Q

Unlike charges ________ each other and like charges _______.

A

attract - repel

75
Q

Negative membrane potential will have what effect on glucose into the cell?

A

None

76
Q

Negative membrane potential will ______ the diffusion of Cl- ions into the cell.

A

decrease

77
Q

Negative membrane potential will ______ the diffusion of Mg2+ ions into the cell.

A

increase

78
Q

The diffusion of Na+ ions INTO the cell is facilitated by the Na+ ________ gradient across the plasma membrane.

A

concentration

79
Q

The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is impeded by the _______ gradient across the plasma membrane.

A

electrical

80
Q

The ________ gradient is larger for Na+ than for K+.

A

electrochemical

81
Q

A signal molecule is also known as a _______.

A

ligand

82
Q

There are 3 stage is the signaling process: 1) reception 2) ________ 3) cell ________.

A

transduction - response

83
Q

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________.

A

amplify the original signal many times

84
Q

Signal transduction pathways allow ___(4)___ to respond ______ to the same signal molecule.

A

different types of cells - differently

85
Q

Signal transduction pathways convert a signal on a cell’s ______ to a specific cellular response.

A

surface

86
Q

Protein kinases activate enzymes by _______ or adding phosphate groups to them. Protein phosphatases _______ or remove phosphate groups from enzymes, including protein kinases.

A

phosphorylating - dephosphorylate

87
Q

Signal transduction pathways are multistep pathways that include relay proteins and small, ______, water-soluble molecules or _____ called second messengers.

A

nonprotein - ions

88
Q

The secretion of a signal molecule by a cell into the local environment, followed by a response by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity, is an example of ________ signaling.

A

paracrine

89
Q

The two ___(2)___ backbones of DNA run in opposite 5’-3’ directions from each other; this arrangement is referred to as anti-parallel.

A

sugar-phosphate

90
Q

DNA’s 2 strands are held together by _____ bonds between paired nitrogenous bases.

A

hydrogen

91
Q

DNA: paired nitrogenous bases are thymine (T) + ______ and guanine (G) + ______.

A

adenine (A) - cytosine (C)

92
Q

In single stranded RNA, there is hydrogen bonding to itself between nitrogenous base pairs adenine (A) and ______.

A

uracil (U)

93
Q

In DNA, adenine pairs with ______ and in RNA, adenine pairs with _____.

A

DNA: thymine - RNA: uracil

94
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack _____ and other membrane-enclosed organelles, while eukaryotic cells have ______-_______ organelles that compartmentalize cellular functions.

A

nuclei / membrane-bound

95
Q

_______ can be found in cytosol or bound in ER and function in ______ synthesis.

A

ribosomes - protein

96
Q

The endomembrane system includes the _____ that extends off of the nucleus, ______, sacs of enzymes called ______, and a large vesicle for water balance/digestion/storage called ______.

A

ER - GA - lysosomes - vacuole

97
Q

Smooth ER is responsible for the synthesis of _____, storage of _____ ions and metabolizes ______.

A

lipids - CA+ - carbohydrates

98
Q

What structure makes glycoproteins and aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes?

A

Rough ER

99
Q

What structure has polarity (cis/trans), modifies proteins, synthesizes many polysaccharides and functions as a shipping center?

A

GA

100
Q

What double membrane structure functions in cellular respiration and inner membrane has infoldings?

A

mitochondria

101
Q

What 4 things do both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells have?

A

ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA, cytoskeleton

102
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of 3 types of molecular structures: microtubules, _______, and intermediate _______.

A

microfilaments - filaments

103
Q

Microtubules are the ______ of the 3 and made of _______ polymers that form a dimer.

A

largest - tubulin

104
Q

Microtubules act as compression-resisting ______, cell ______ (ex. cilia/flagella), and move ______ material around.

A

girder - motility - genetic

105
Q

Microfilaments (actin) are the ______ of the 3, involved in cell motility for _______ type of movements (not flagella) and cell _____.

A

smallest - amoeba - division

106
Q

Fibrous proteins coiled into cables (like keratin), tension-bearing and anchors the _______.

A

nucleus - intermediate filaments

107
Q

This type of molecular structure (1 of 3) is involved in a disorder in the nuclear lamina that makes you age much faster.

A

intermediate filaments

108
Q

3 types of cell junctions in animal cells?

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

109
Q

Tight junctions form continuous ______ around cells and a ______ that prevents leakage.

A

seals - barrier

110
Q

_______ attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle. Some “muscle tears” involve the rupture of these.

A

Desmosomes

111
Q

____(2)___ (also called communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to the plasmodesmata in plants.

A

Gap junctions

112
Q

Nonpolar molecules, such as hydrocarbons, _____ and _____ are hydrophobic, as are lipids. They can all therefore _____ in the lipid bilayer of the membrane and cross it easily, without the aid of membrane proteins.

A

CO2 & O2 - dissolve

113
Q

Polar molecules such as ______ pass slowly through a lipid bilayer. Even _______, a very small polar molecule, does not cross rapidly.

A

glucose - water

114
Q

Passage of water molecules through the plasma membrane of certain cells is greatly facilitated by _______ proteins called aquaporins.

A

channel

115
Q

The ________ gradient represents potential energy and drives ________.

A

concentration - diffusion

116
Q

To explain the behavior of a cell in a solution, we must consider both solute ______ and membrane ______. Both factors are taken into account in the concept of ______.

A

concentration - permeability - tonicity

117
Q

Animal cells (no cell wall) do best in an _____ environment, whereas, plant cells do best in a ______ environment.

A

isotonic - hypotonic

118
Q

Hypertonic (hyper = more) solution has ______ solutes compared to the cell and water will ______ the cell.

A

more - leave

119
Q

Hypotonic solution has ______ solutes compared to the cell and water will ______ the cell.

A

less - enter

120
Q

An electrogenic (or proton) pump is a _______ protein that generates ______ across a membrane.

A

transport - voltage

121
Q

The cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of _______ with the plasma membrane; this process is called exocytosis.

A

vesicles

122
Q

The cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. What is this called?

A

endocytosis

123
Q

3 mechanisms of endocytosis? 1) phagocytosis 2) _________ and 3) receptor-_______ endocytosis.

A

pinocytosis - mediated

124
Q

A ______ is a cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein, a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP, which is similar to ATP

A

G-coupled protein receptor

125
Q

A _____ control is a group that receives a treatment that is known to produce results similar to those predicted by the hypothesis. This is done to detect problems with the experiment.

A

Positive

126
Q

A ______ control is a group that was not treated or tested and isn’t expected to produce results.

A

Negative

127
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model describes…

A

The fluidity and selective permeability of the plasma membrane - protection from external world but also allows necessary (polar and/or big) molecules into the cell via proteins.

128
Q

Sense of smell works by detection of _____ via chemical _______ in the skin cells. The chemicals in the air _______ across the membrane. Odor ______ neurons send the signals to the olfactory bulbs.

A

Chemicals - receptors

dissolve - receptor

129
Q

Signal transduction pathway:
1) ______ binds to cell surface receptor.
2) cell activates and ______ shape which can make it active as an _______ or ______ other molecules, which sets off a series of signaling events.

A

Ligand - changes - enzyme - bind

130
Q

Cholesterol ______ membrane fluidity at moderate temps by reducing phospholipid movement. However, at low temps, it ______ solidification by disrupting packing.

A

Reduces - hinders

131
Q

The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the _____ of _____ it’s made of.

A

Types - lipids

132
Q

As temperature decreases, the membrane remains fluid to a lower temp of it is rich in ________ hydrocarbon tails, because the tails cannot pack as tightly together.

A

Unsaturated

BIO 107 (4 decks)

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