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CFT I > Exam 1 - Cerebellar Disease > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Cerebellar Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is this posture called?

A

decerebellate posture

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2
Q

what is decerebellate posture?

A

cerebellum is pulled off of the brainstem

hind legs are tucked up into the animal & forelimbs are extended/rigid

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3
Q

what are the abnormal signs typically associated with cerebellar disease?

A

gait - hypermetria/dysmetria

abnormal posture

some cranial nerve responses - menace & vestibular signs

intention tremors

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4
Q

what are the normal signs typically associated with cerebellar disease?

A

normal mentation

amount of voluntary movement

spinal reflexes

may have normal postural reactions

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5
Q

what is the most common CNS cause of tremors?

A

cerebellar disease

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6
Q

other than cerebellar disease, what other CNS problems can cause tremors?

A

steroid responsive tremor syndrome

myelin dysfunction

motor neuron/axon dysfunction

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7
Q

what are some examples of things that look like tremors but aren’t tremors?

A

partial seizures

idiopathic head bobbing

myoclonus - chronic distemper

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8
Q

what tremorogenic toxins can cause systemic tremors?

A

mycotoxins - fungal toxins

metaldehyde

permethrin/pyrethrin in cats

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9
Q

what can cause systemic tremors?

A

catecholamines - very stressed animals (no seizures)

hypocalcemia

tremorogenic toxins

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10
Q

what breeds are associated with idiopathic head bobbing?

A

boxers, bulldogs, & dobermans

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11
Q

when is the typical onset of idiopathic head bobbing?

A

near maturity or young adulthood - may wax & wane over the years

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12
Q

T/F: in idiopathic head bobbing, animal behavior remains normal

A

true

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13
Q

what are 4 examples of non-progressive cerebellar disease?

A

trauma

toxic insult

vascular insult

congenital anomaly

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14
Q

what are examples of progressive causes of cerebellar disease?

A

degenerative - forms normally & shrinks (middle to late adult, staffies)

metabolic

nutritional

neoplastic

immune-mediated

infectious

congenital anomaly

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15
Q

what breeds are predisposed to cerebellar cortical abiotrophy?

A

rhodesians, bernese mountain dogs, staffies, gordon setters

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16
Q

what breed has defined criteria for cerebellar cortical degeneration?

A

american staffordshire terrier

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17
Q

what CNS cells are among the first to be affected in cerebellar disease? why?

A

purkinje cells - they are large & have a high metabolic need, so they are typically first affected by inborn metabolic errors or storage diseases

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18
Q

what is neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis?

A

degenerative cerebellar disease - can cause retinal changes

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19
Q

thiamine deficiency effects what part of the CNS?

A

gray matter nuclei in the brainstem & cerebellum

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20
Q

out of dogs & cats, which are more susceptible to thiamine deficiency?

A

cats

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21
Q

what is the prognosis of thiamine deficiency?

A

treatable - good prognosis

22
Q

what drug targets vestibular structures causing cerebellar disease?

A

metronidazole

23
Q

T/F: choroid plexus tumors can be either benign or malignant

A

true

24
Q

how are choroid plexus tumors diagnosed?

A

spinal tap of CSF

25
Q

how can choroid plexus tumors spread?

A

shed & spread in CSF

26
Q

how can you treat a choroid plexus tumor palliatively?

A

aim to decrease CSF production

27
Q

what other treatment options are available for choroid plexus tumors?

A

chemo, radiation, surgery (maybe - depends on location)

treatment may extend median survival time, but it’s not considered curable

28
Q

what inflammatory immune-mediated disease was previously called little white shaker?

A

steroid responsive tremor syndrome

29
Q

what virus can cause cerebellar disease in dogs?

A

canine distemper

30
Q

what are 2 protozoal causes of cerebellar disease?

A

toxoplasma & neospora

31
Q

why is steroid responsive tremor syndrome hard diagnose with MRI & CSF analysis?

A

MRI - may have no obvious abnormalities especially at low magnet strength

CSF - up to 50% have normal CSF & abnormalities may be non-specific

32
Q

how is steroid responsive tremor syndrome diagnosed & treated?

A

immunosuppressive therapy - 2mg/kg/day prednisone with most dogs responding favorably within 2-4 days

unlike MUO, lifelong therapy may not be needed

33
Q

if you have a dog with suspected steroid responsive tremor syndrome that you’re treating with steroids, what should you do if you think the animal is better & you want to stop the medicine?

A

taper them slowly over several months

34
Q

what artery is usually involved in a vascular insult to the cerebellum?

A

rostral cerebellar artery - usually ischemic

35
Q

what is the prognosis of a vascular injury to rostral cerebellar artery in dogs?

A

good - look for & treat the underlying cause

36
Q

how does dandy-walker-like syndrome?

A

genetic error leads to an absent vermis

37
Q

how is dandy-walker-like syndrome different from cerebellar abiotrophy?

A

can look like abiotrophy on imaging, but dandy-walker-like syndrome is non-progressive

38
Q

what dog breed is associated with dandy-walker-like syndrome?

A

eurasier

39
Q

what is another name for chiari-like malformation?

A

caudal occipital malformation syndrome

40
Q

what does caudal occipital malformation syndrome affect in the CNS?

A

affects the cerebellum but doesn’t typically cause cerebellar signs

41
Q

T/F: caudal occipital malformation syndrome causes cerebellar signs

A

false - affects the cerebellum but doesn’t cause cerebellar signs

42
Q

T/F: caudal occipital malformation syndrome is breed associated

A

true

43
Q

how does caudal occipital malformation syndrome occur?

A

has to do with skull suture closure times

44
Q

why does caudal occipital malformation syndrome cause problems in dogs?

A

change in the flow of CSF which leads to the dilation of the 3rd ventricle

45
Q

what are the most common clinical signs of caudal occipital malformation syndrome?

A

non-dermatological pruritus

cervical pain

cervical scoliosis

46
Q

what is the difference between decompression & shunting in surgically treating caudal occipital malformation syndrome?

A

the syrinx doesn’t resolve with decompression

47
Q

what is the general treatment for caudal occipital malformation syndrome?

A

surgery - usually successful & has a good prognosis

48
Q

what may be the downfall of treating caudal occipital malformation syndrome surgically?

A

may require revision & repitition over time

49
Q

what medications can you use to treat caudal occipital malformation syndrome?

A

anything to decrease CSF production - diuretics, omeprazole, steroids (0.5 mg/kg/day)

50
Q

what 4 questions should you use when approaching cerebellar disease?

A
  1. is it cerebellar disease?
  2. progressive or non-progressive - prioritize your differentials
  3. choose diagnostics based on prioritized differential list
  4. remember that diagnosis is important even in untreatable conditions

CFT I (30 decks)

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