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CFT I > Exam 1 - Canine Lymphoma Flow Cytometry > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Canine Lymphoma Flow Cytometry Flashcards

1
Q

how must samples be presented for flow cytometry in canine lymphoma?

A

in suspension!! blood, body fluids, & solid tissues that can be processed into single cell suspension

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2
Q

why is flow cytometry used for canine lymphoma?

A

immunophenotyping & to look at the DNA content of cells

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3
Q

T/F: flow cytometry is highly sensitive & specific & qualitative & quantitative

A

true

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4
Q

what are the 3 basic principles of the technology used in flow cytometry?

A
  1. cells in single file are interrogated by light
  2. light scatter & emission signals are captured
  3. specimens suitable for flow have to be sampled as a fluid or transformed into a cell suspension
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5
Q

how does flow cytometry work?

A

capture light scatter properties & light emitted by individual cells that innately fluoresce or that are labeled with fluorescent antibodies & then exposed to light

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6
Q

what 3 components can be measured with flow cytometry?

A
  1. forward scatter light signals
  2. side scatter light signals
  3. fluorescence emission signals
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7
Q

how is forward scatter light signal measured?

A

light that is refracted by a cell in the forward direction & continues in the same direction that the light was already traveling

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8
Q

what is forward scatter used for measuring?

A

cell size

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9
Q

what has a stronger forward scatter, a small cell or a big cell?

A

large cells

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10
Q

how is side scatter light signal measured?

A

light that is refracted by cells & travels in a different direction than its original path

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11
Q

what is side scatter light signals used for?

A

determining cell granularity & complexity of the cell

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12
Q

what cells have a higher side scatter?

A

highly granular cells with a high degree of internal complexity (neutrophils)

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13
Q

how is fluorescence emission signal measured?

A

fluorophore is used to stain for a protein of interest - most common are fluorescently conjugated antibodies - emit light after excitation with the laser

each dye or label has its own excitation & emission spectrum & creates a pulse of photon activity over time (‘peak’)

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14
Q

what components of antibody staining are expressed by surface antigens in fluorescence emission signals?

A

cell type, biological function, & development stage of the cell

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15
Q

what are the sample requirements for flow cytometry?

A

sufficient cells, free of clots & contaminants, fresh (48 hours max storage time), & samples from neoplasia with high cell turnover should be analyzed within 24 hours

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16
Q

what are 4 general ways for how veterinarians use flow cytometry?

A
  1. immunophenotyping lymphoma (b vs. t cell)
  2. more specific classification of different lymphoproliferative diseases which will impact treatment & prognosis
  3. classification of myeloproliferative diseases (acute leukemia)
  4. monitoring treatment response & disease status
17
Q

chronic leukemia in dogs is most commonly what cell type?

A

most often T cell

18
Q

what are the 2 t cell classifications of lymphoma in the dog?

A

large t cell & small t cell

19
Q

what are the 2 lymphoma types seen in dogs?

A

t cell & b cell

20
Q

abnormal hematopoiesis in the common myeloid progenitor cell leads to what kind of diseases?

A

myeloproliferative disease

21
Q

abnormal hematopoiesis in the common lymphoid progenitor cell leads to what kind of diseases?

A

lymphoproliferative disease

22
Q

why can stage 5 lymphoma patients be hard to differentiate from leukemia patients?

A

stage 5 lymphoma can have bone marrow involvement & acute or chronic primary leukemia can also have bone marrow involvement

23
Q

what is the prognosis for acute lymphoid leukemia?

A

very poor

24
Q

what is the prognosis for chronic lymphoid leukemia?

A

excellent

25
Q

T/F: chronic lymphoid leukemia is often an incidental finding

A

true

26
Q

what is the treatment for chronic lymphoid leukemia?

A

low dose oral chemotherapy

27
Q

what are the clinical signs seen in chronic lymphoid leukemia?

A

none - typically asymptomatic

28
Q

what is seen on cytology of chronic lymphoid leukemia?

A

circulating lymphocytes are usually small

29
Q

what is seen on cytology of acute lymphoid leukemia?

A

intermediate to large in size circulating lymphocytes

30
Q

what are the clinical signs seen with acute lymphoid leukemia?

A

usually sick animals - pyrexia, lethargy, & anorexia, moderate to marked cytopenias, mild to moderate enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, or liver, & may have soft tissue involvement

31
Q

what is the treatment for acute lymphoid leukemia?

A

aggressive supportive care & multi-agent chemotherapy protocol (CHOP)

32
Q

T/F: myeloproliferative disease is rare in veterinary medicine

A

true

CFT I (30 decks)

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