Exam 1: Cells and Neurons Flashcards
List three major components of a typical cell.
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Plasma membrane
List the five main components of a cell’s protoplasm.
- Water
- Electrolytes
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
____ makes up 70-85% of a cell’s content and supports reactions and solubility.
Water
____ are ions essential for reactions and producing electrical impulses.
Electrolytes
____ constitute 10-20% of cell mass and include enzymes.
Proteins
____ form membranes and store energy.
Lipids
____ are stored as glycogen and store energy.
Carbohydrates
A plasma membrane is a….
Phospholipid bilayer
The plasma membrane is ____ to ions and polar molecules.
Impermeable
The plasma membrane is ____ to hydrophobic molecules.
Permeable
List four phospholipids found in the plasma membane.
- Phosphotidylcholine
- Phosphotidylethanolamine
- Phosphotidylserine
- Sphingomyelin
____ is a component of the plasma membrane that helps maintain fluidity.
Cholesterol
Less than half of the composition of the plasma membrane is…
Lipids
The ____ is a network of tubes and vesicles that links the Golgi Apparatus and the nucleus.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The ____ makes proteins and forms Nissl bodies.
Rough ER
The ____ makes lipids and regulates calcium concentration.
Smooth ER
The ____ is made of stacked, flat vesicles called cisternae and is prominent in cells that secrete substances.
Golgi Apparatus
The ____ of the Golgi Apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the ER.
Cis face
The ____ of the Golgi Apparatus packages proteins and lipids into vesicles and direct them to their final destinations.
Trans face
List three major functions of the Golgi Apparatus.
- Modifies proteins and lipids
- Sorts and packages proteins and lipids for delivery
- Ensures correct processing and delivery within and outside the cell
Lysosomes originate in the…
Golgi Apparatus
____ are responsible for digesting damaged cellular components, food particles, and bacteria.
Lysosomes
True or false:
Lysosomes have a lipid bilayer membrane.
True
Lysosomes contain ____ to break down macromolecules.
Hydrolytic enzymes
____ can be self-replicating or bud off the smooth ER.
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes contain ____ which catalyze redox reactions.
Oxidase enzymes
____ form hydrogen peroxide to oxidize harmful molecules.
Peroxisomes
____ are essential for ATP production.
Mitochrondria
Mitochondria have ____ lipid bilayer membrane(s).
Two
The outer mitochondrial membrane…
Protects the organelle
The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae for…
Biochemical reactions
The ____ is the innermost space of a mitochondria.
Matrix
The mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes for…
Energy extraction
List three features that make mitochondria unique among organelles.
- Can self-replicate
- Contain their own DNA (mtDNA)
- Independent growth and division
The ____ describes how mitochondria are believed to have originated from free-living bacteria.
Endosymbiosis theory
List two important roles mitochondria play in neurons.
- Satisfy the high energy demand for membrane potentials and synaptic activity
- Crucial for neuronal health
Defects in ____ are linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Mitochondria
The ____ is composed of protein filaments and tubules, and provides structural support.
Cytoskeleton
List three major components of the cytoskeleton.
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- Filamentous actin
____ are made of polymerized tubulin and help maintain cell shape.
Microtubules
____ provide support and mechanical transport within the cell.
Microtubules
During cell division, the mitotic spindle is formed by…
Microtubules
____ provide strength and stability for the cell.
Intermediate filaments
____ help maintain the neuron’s structure.
Neurofilaments
____ are composed of light, medium, and heavy proteins.
Intermediate filaments
____ is made of polymerized action and is involved in cell shape changes and cell movement.
Filamentous actin
(F-actin)
____ provides a framework for cellular extensions.
Filamentous actin
