Exam 1: Cardiovascular pathology Flashcards
Atherosclerosis
a variant of arteriosclerosis,
build up of plaque or fatty substances
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries, causes hypertension
aneurism
outpocketing in weakened vessel wall
ruptured aneurism is what kills you
fibroblast
a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous cellular material that supports and connects other tissues or organs in the body
Fibroblasts show a variety of morphologies, both in shape and size, depending on the organ they are found and on their cellular activity level. Generally, they are elongated (Figures 1 and 2) or star-like cells, with cytoplasmic projections that can be short and wide, or long, thin and branched. These last cell protrusions allow physical contact between close fibroblasts. Gap junctions can be found in these contacts. They can also physically contact other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes, and others. Fibroblasts also communicate with other cells by using the extracellular matrix as an intermediate and by releasing molecules.
cytokines
Cytokines are an exceptionally large and diverse group of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors that are grouped into families based upon their structural homology or that of their receptors. Chemokines are a group of secreted proteins within the cytokine family whose generic function is to induce cell migration. Other cytokines include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, TGF and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
granulation tissue
fibroblasts come in and lay down collagen, new blood vessels and such… it is immature scar to mature scar
has three main functions: immune, proliferative, and being a temporary plug
pericytes
cells present at intervals along the walls of capillaries (and post-capillary venules). In the CNS, they are important for blood vessel formation, maintenance of the blood–brain barrier, regulation of immune cell entry to the central nervous system (CNS) and control of brain blood flow.
granulocytes
a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside them. These granules contain proteins. The specific types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Granulocytes, specifically neutrophils, help the body fight bacterial infections.
prostaglandins
a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour.
ischemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
extracellular matrix (ECM)
an intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in a cell/tissue-specific manner. Components of the ECM link together to form a structurally stable composite, contributing to the mechanical properties of tissues.
a point to think of in disease
growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
Steroid hormone
A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids and sex steroids. Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a single polypeptide of 53 amino acid residues which is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Egf exerts its effects in the target cells by binding to the plasma membrane located EGF receptor. The EGF receptor is a transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase. Binding of EGF to the receptor causes activation of the kinase and subsequently receptor autophosphorylation.
interleukins
Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells as well as some other body cells.
cytokines
Cytokines are proteins made in response to pathogens and other antigens that regulate and mediate inflammatory and immune responses.
hyperplasia
the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.
artherosclerosis
a variant of arteriosclerosis, hardening or thickening of arteries made up of deposits of fatty substances.
embolism
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.
zygomycetes
umbrella term for types of fungi
can eat through lumen wall and reach mucosa (opportunity comes when high concentration feed lowers ph and causes ulcers) and get to blood vessels
fomites
objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture.
pathognomonic
(of a sign or symptom) specifically characteristic or indicative of a particular disease or condition.
ovine herpesvirus-2 infection
Also known as malignant catarrhal fever (MCF).
Virus replicates in their Type II pneumocytes
Transmitted via nasal and ocular secretions, airborne
Causes lymphoproliferative necrotizing vasculitis
Viral infection detected in leukocytes, vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle of tunica media, fibroblasts of tunica adventitia.
sheep are the resrvoir host but unaffected by the virus.
CAUSES OF TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE HYPERPLASIA:
Type II pnuemocytes secrete surfactant.
causes:
pneumonia
sepsis (diffuse alveolar damage)
pulmonary embolus with infarction
chemotherapeutic drugs
radiation therapy
inhalant damage (e.g., oxygen toxicity)
interstitial lung disease
Histophilus somni
a gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, nonencapsulated, pleomorphic coccobacillus
Initially, septicemia is likely required for most forms of histophilosis. Strains of H somni that cause disease adhere to the endothelium of vessels, resulting in contraction, exposure of collagen, platelet adhesion, and thrombus formation.
Epizoootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus/Bluetongue Virus (Orbivirus)
what’sthe pathology it causes?
Sheep (BTV), Cattle (BTV), Deer (EHD and BTV)
Transmitted by biting Culicoides midges
Heavy losses in sheep, deer, lower morbidity in cattle
Virus infects erythrocytes and endothelial cells
Endo damage->microthrombi form->clotting factors and platelets get used up->DIC
Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles and venules
Ischemic necrosis of tissues downstream of necrotic vessels
DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation
Equine Viral Arteritis
Global disease
Induces hemorrhage, edema, and abortions
Fever, anorexia, hindlimb and dependent abdominal edema common in symptomatic animals
Many animals asymptomatic
Transmitted in respiratory secretions, semen, and fomites
Edema in several tissues
Petechiation
Virus found in endothelium, tunica media and pericytes
Induces fibrinoid necrosis of vessels
African Swine Fever
Asfarviridae
Tick-transmitted
Induces apoptosis of T, B, and endothelial cells
Hemorrhagic fever with cutaneous hyperemia, sudden death
**Marked splenomegaly due to congestion
Degeneration of vascular endos and extensive thrombosis and hemorrhage
Fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis
Hemorrhages everywhere**
Swine Erysipelas
Bacterial, Gram +, anaerobic
Healthy pigs are carriers
Pregnant sows and younger pigs (2-12 months) most susceptible
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
“Diamond Skin Disease”
Anorexia, fever, cyanosis, abortions
Septicemia and bacterial emboli cause systemic vasculitis, thrombosis, ischemia and infarction
Death due to ischemia is called…
infarct
Where can OHV-2 be found?
OHV-2 is consistently found in peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphoid tissues in cases of MCF in bison and cattle.
post mortem vs actual thrombus
post mortem is shiny
actual has tail, texture, and is adhesive
chicken fat clots is post mortem
what are 3 causes of thrombosis
Abnormal intimal surface
Changes in flow pattern – stasis or turbulence
Hypercoagulability, shock
What is an embolus?
an emboli is bits of thrombus that moved.
emboli can be: objects, tumor cells, air bubbles, pieces of thrombi, bacteria.
name some specific endothelial tumors
hemangioma in dermis
hemangiosarcoma
sarcoma: malignant
oma: benign
What are some causes of arthersclorosis is dogs?
hypothyroidism with hypercholesterolemia
they get fatty subtances built up
what are foamy cells?
macrophages filled with lipids (and maybe muscle cells filled with lipids?)
what cell type is the tunica media made of?
smooth muscle
What are three outcomes of
what can strongylus vulgaris cause?
this is a blood worm, it can cause
cranial mesenteric arteritis and thrombosis
google: Migrating larvae cause arteritis of the anterior mesenteric artery, iliac arteries, and base of aorta as well as occasionally cerebral, renal, or coronary arteries. This is a major cause of arteritis and associated clinical disease in horses.
What is our type III hypersenstivity?
immune complex deposition
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (johne’s disease) signs
can lead to bottlejaw from hypoproteinemia due to the segmental thickening of the ileum, cecum, and proximal colon.There is also mesenteric lymphadenopathy and you will see foamy macrophages.
define stenosis
a narrowing, can either be in blood vessels or spine
what are the three layers of the artery?
the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia.
True or False:
Endocardiosis of the heart valve immediately points to congestive heart failure
FALSE
look to the other organs
what causes eccentric hypertrophy
as opposed to concentric
hypertrophy due to volume overload
what causes concentric hypertrophy
as opposed to eccentric
hypertrophy due to pressure overload
what is a saddle thrombus?
a blood clot (called a “thrombus”) that lodges at the base of the aorta just as it branches into two distinct arteries, thereby obstructing blood flow to the hind limbs. It is so named because of the saddle-like shape it roughly resembles once it takes up residence in this location.
can be seen in concentric hypertrophy
three morphological changes to the heart during concentric hypertrophy
- Saromeres added in parallel in response to pressure overload
- Increase in wall thickness
- Narrowing of the heart chamber
three morphological changes to the heart during eccentric hypertrophy
- Sarcomeres added in series in response to volume overload
- Relative thinning of wall
- Dilation of the heart chamber
stenotic
abnormally constricted body canal or passage. synonyms: stenosed constricted. drawn together or squeezed physically or by extension psychologically.
casual class convo
when do we get fibrosis?
usually during chronic events, during regeneration when laying down new tissue
Traumatic reticulopericarditis
hardware disease
Fibrinous early goes to purulent and chronic fibrinous with fibrosing
Consequences: decreased diastolic filling due to fluid and fibrosis 🡪 right heart failure
Bacteremia
Myocardial abscesses
myocardial necrosis
myocytes are not like skeletal muscle, the healing response is scar tissue, “fibrosis”.
cleaned up and fibroblasts lay down scar tissue.
What is tetralogy of fallot?
high VSD, over riding aorta, pulmonic valve stenosis, RV hypertrophy
vsd=ventricular septal defect
paraneoplastic syndrome
NIH/Google: Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that occur when the immune system has a reaction to a cancerous tumor known as a “neoplasm.”
Define shock
name and describe the five forms
A state of systemic tissue hypoperfusion due to reduced cardiac output and/or reduced effective circulating blood volume
The five types are:
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic
What are the clinical findings in cardiogenic shock?
Decreased CO
Increased SVR
Hypotension, tachycardia
weak thready pulse
cool, pale moist skin
U/O <30 ml/hr
crackles, tachypnea
What are the clinical findings in neurogenic shock?
Decreased CO
Benous and arterial vasodilation
Loss of sympathetic tone
Hypertension, BRADYCARDIA, Warm dry skin
What are the clinical findings in hypovolemic shock?
Decrease CO
Increase SVR
Hypotension, tachycardia
Weak thready pulse
cool, pale moist skin
U/O decreased
What are the clinical findings in anaphylactic shock?
Decrease CO
Decrease SVR
hypotension, tachycardia
cough, dyspnea
pruritis, urticaria
reslestness, decreased LOC
loc: loss of consciousness
What are the clinical findings in septic shock?
Decreased CO
Decreased SVR
hypotension, tachycardia
full bounding pulse, tachypnea
pink, warm, flushed skin
Decreased U/O, fever
