Exam 1- Brain Morphology Flashcards
Hypothalamus
Regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions (homeostasis) and limbic functions
Part of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
Contains mostly relay nuclei going to the cortex
Part of the Diencephalon
Tectum
Roof over the Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
Part of the Mesencephalon
Tegmentum
Floor below the Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
Part of Mesencephalon
Basal Portion of Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Consists of Substantia Nigra (PD) and Crus Cerebri
Superior Colliculus
Visual Reflexes
Part of the Tectum
Inferior Colliculus
Auditory Reflexes
Part of the Tectum
Structures found within the Tegmentum
1) periaqueductal gray (PAG)
2) reticular formation areas
3) Oculomotor nerve complex (at level of Superior Colliculus)
4) Trochlear nerve (at level of inferior Colliculus)
5) Red Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Part of extrapyramidal motor system
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebral Peduncles consists of…
1) midbrain tegmentum
2) substantia nigra
3) crus cerebri
2 structures that make up the Metencephalon
Cerebellum and Pons
The cerebellum functions to
Integrate sensory information and allow for coordinated motor responses. Learned movements and cognitive learning.
Structures and features of the Cerebellum
Folds- folia
Grooves- fissures
Midline- vermis
Undersurface- tonsil
Pons function
Connect brain to cerebellum (pontine nuclei project to cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle)
Subdivisions of the Pons
1) dorsal tegmental zone- contains cranial nerves V, VI, and VII and reticular formation nuclei and ascending/descending pathways
2) ventral/ basal zone- contains pontine nuclei and corticospinal tract
The medulla
Contains medullary portion of the reticular formation (vital respiratory/cardiovascular) at its core
And
Pyramids (corticospinal axons which decussate at the caudal medulla in the pyramidal decussation to descend as the lateral corticospinal tract)
Cranial Nerves 9-12
Major landmarks in the Frontal Lobe
1) precentral gyrus
2) superior frontal gyrus
3) middle frontal gyrus
4) inferior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis, pars triangularis and pars opercularis- latter 2 make up Areas 44 and 45)
Major Landmarks of the Temporal Lobe
Superior Temporal Gyrus
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Major landmarks of the Parietal Lobe
1) Postcentral gyrus
2) superior parietal lobule
3) inferior parietal lobule
4) supramarginal gyrus
5) angular gyrus
Brodmann Area 4
Primary Motor Cortex
Brodmann Area 6
Also contributes axons to corticospinal tract (motor)
Brodmann Area 8
Frontal Eye Fields; paired eye movements
Brodmann Area 44 and 45
Broca’s Area; motor production of language
Prefrontal Association Cortex
Also called dlPFC
Executive Fxns- decision making, prioritizing, planning, problem solving, judgment and working memory
In Frontal Lobe
Limbic Association Cortex
Also called vmPFC
Personality and Social Behavior
Frontal Lobe
Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex- Areas 10, 11, 12
Anterior Cingulate Cortex- Areas 24, 25, 32
Brodmann Areas 3, 1 and 2
Postcentral Gyrus
Primary Somatosensory (pain, touch and conscious proprioception)
Part of Area 2 and Part of Area 5
Higher Order somatosensory areas; lesions here produce somatosensory agnosias
Brodmann Area 7
Higher order vision
Areas 5 and 7
Together are the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Integrate visual and somatosensory information
Areas 40 and 39
Supramarginal and Angular Gyri of the Inferior Parietal Lobule
Perception and interpretation of written language (or music); damage causes alexia
Multimodal Association Cortex
Brodmann Area 17
Primary Visual (Calcarine Cortex)
Brodmann Areas 18 and 19
Higher order vision
Brodmann Area 41
Primary Auditory Cortex
Top of superior temporal Gyrus in the Transverse Temporal Gyri of Heschl
Brodmann Area 42
Higher order auditory
Brodmann Area 22
Wernicke’s Area
Interpretation of spoken language
