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BSCI330 SPRING > exam 1 biological molecules > Flashcards

exam 1 biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are cells made from?

A

a set of carbon-based molecules that are fundamentally the same for all living species

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2
Q

are lipids polymers

A

no

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3
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

sugar monomers

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4
Q

what do carbohydrates serve as

A

energy storage and structural support for cells

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5
Q

what are lipids composed of

A

fatty acids, usually linked to glycerol

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6
Q

what do lipids serve as

A

energy storage/source and can assemble into hydrophobic membranes

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7
Q

what are proteins made of

A

amino acids

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8
Q

what do proteins do (basic)

A

perform most cellular functions

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9
Q

what are nucleic acids built from

A

nucleotide monomers

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10
Q

what do nucleic acids do

A

they are the units of info storage and short-term energy storage

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11
Q

how do cells reduce entropy

A

cells build order, but have to expand energy to do so - cells want to go to disorder

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12
Q

what is the larger unit of the building block, sugar

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

what is the larger unit of the building block, fatty acids

A

fats, lipids, membranes

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14
Q

what is the larger unit of the building block, amino acids

A

proteins

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15
Q

what is the larger unit of the building block, nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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16
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

combine two small molecules to make a larger molecules - condensing two molecules into one

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17
Q

what is a dehydration reaction

A

water molecule is removed from two molecules - dehydrates molecule to make water

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18
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

add water to break a bond

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19
Q

what is a glycosidic bond between

A

two sugars

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20
Q

what is a peptide bond between

A

two amino acids

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21
Q

what is a phosphodiester bond between

A

two nucleic acids

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22
Q

why are carbohydrates added to proteins and lipids

A

they’re extremely water soluble, so they provide a surface to bind other dissolved molecules (act as binding surfaces)

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23
Q

what are the chemical features of carbohydrates

A

can be a linear chain form or a ring form; have several OH groups

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24
Q

what is the distinction between polymer and monomer form

A

polymers are only in ring form, monomers are ring or linear chain

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25
Q

what is the chemical nature of carbohydrates

A

highly polar

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26
Q

how do you number carbons of a carbohydrate

A

clockwise starting with oxygen

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27
Q

what are the positions of OH groups attached to each carbon in a ring called

A

UP (above the plane of the ring) = beta

DOWN (below the plane of the ring) = alpha

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28
Q

Starch and cellulose are both polymers made up of glucose subunits. why are we able to digest starch but not cellulose

A

we have enzymes that digest the alpha linkages of starch but not the beta linkages of cellulose

29
Q

what are the chemical features of lipids

A

hydrocarbon chains with polar COOH at one end

30
Q

what is the chemical nature of lipids

A

amphipathic

31
Q

how are lipids amphipathic

A

hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails and hydrophilic carboxylic acid head

32
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

energy storage in animals

33
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

makes up membranes in cells - tails face each other in center, heads face water

34
Q

what are gangliosides

A

similar to phospholipids; have a carbohydrate instead of a phosphate/polar head group

35
Q

what is the importance of the GM2 ganglioside

A

involved in cell-cell communication and neuronal plasticity

36
Q

what are amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins; can be metabolized for energy

37
Q

what are the chemical features of amino acids

A

uniform chemical structure with directionality and side group (R) variability

38
Q

what charge is the n-terminus (amino terminus)

A

positive

39
Q

what charge is the c-terminus (Carboxyl terminus)

A

negative

40
Q

what is the net charge of an amino acid

A

zero, unless R group has a charge

41
Q

are amino acids hydrophobic or hydophilic

A

intrinsically hydrophilic, but can be amphipathic if the side chain is hydrophobic

42
Q

which amino acids are nonpolar (hydrophobic)

A 
9 - 
glycine
alanine
valine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
proline
43
Q

which amino acids are polar (uncharged)

A 
6 -
serine
threonine
cysteine
tyrosine
asparagine
glutaminne
44
Q

which amino acids are acids (negatively charged)

A

2 -
aspartate
glutamate

45
Q

which amino acids are basic (positively charged)

A

3 -
lysine
arginine
histidine

46
Q

what is pK

A

the pH at which 50% of a molecule is charged and 50% is uncharged

47
Q

when are acidic amino acids charged

A

at pH 7 (below certain pH they are uncharged, above they are charged - opposite for basic)

48
Q

what happens to acidic amino acids in water

A

they lose a proton

49
Q

what happens to basic amino acids in water

A

they gain a proton

50
Q

what are nucleotides

A

building block of nucleic acids; short term energy carriers

51
Q

what are nucleotides made up of

A

a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

52
Q

what are the charges of the parts of nucleotides

A 
pentose sugar (hydrophilic)
nitrogenous base (mainly hydrophobic)
phosphate group (negatively charged)
AMPHIPATHIC
53
Q

what is the composition of the outer face of nucleotides

A

hydrophilic

54
Q

what is the composition of the inner face of nucleotides

A

hydrophobic

55
Q

what are the chemical features of nucleotides

A

uniform chemical structure with side group variability (from nitrogenous bases)

56
Q

what is the chemical nature of nucleotides

A

polar, charged

57
Q

what is ATP

A

the major short term energy carrier in the cell

58
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

all processes in the universe are driven in the direction that increases disorder (entropy)

59
Q

what does the universe tend towards

A

disorder

60
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

the amount of energy in a system is constant - energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted

61
Q

when is energy useable

A

if it’s confineable (stored)

62
Q

what are characteristics of reactions that decrease the availability of useable energy

A

they are energetically favorable and will occur spontaneously

63
Q

what are characteristics of reactions that increase the availability of useable energy

A

they are NOT energetically favorable and will not occur spontaneously

64
Q

what is a spontaneous reaction

A

a reaction that will occur without a net addition of energy

65
Q

do cells violate the second law of thermo

A

NO - cells are not isolated system and thermo laws apply only to isolated systems

66
Q

why are cells not isolated systems

A

they can exchange energy with their environent

67
Q

what generates order within a cell

A

energy input

68
Q

how do cells build order

A

by putting energy into the system

69
Q

how do cells build disorder

A

the cell converts part of the energy into heat, which is released into the cell’s environment, thereby disordering it and thus also increasing entropy overall

BSCI330 SPRING (24 decks)

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