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Animal Behavior > Exam 1: Behavioral Genetics > Flashcards

Exam 1: Behavioral Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Heritability

A
  • the amount of variability in a behavior/trait that is specifically due to differences within the genetics of a population; h^2
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2
Q

Environmentability

A

amount of variability in a behavior/trait that is specifically due to differences within the environment; E!

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3
Q

How are truncation selection experiments used to calculate heritability and environmentability?

A

Values from 1st generation and second generation can give us R and S variables to conclude the heritability or environmentability through equations/calculations
- S = X1-X0
- R = X2-X0
- h^2 = R/S (can subtract heritability from 1 to get environmental)

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4
Q

What are the selection differential and response to selection?

A
  • S = selection differential, average change based on arbitrary truncation
  • R = response to selection; how much does approach time change between generation 1 and 2
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5
Q

What were the main conclusions from the maze bright and maze dull experiments?

A
  • Maze bright made few errors
  • Maze dull made lots of errors
  • Maze running has a high heritability; genetics to offspring affect maze running
  • However, some changes can have impact; dull mice to enriched area offered maze completion while normal mice moved to bland area suddenly not engaged
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6
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of RNA seq?

A

-Advantages: detect minute details, like 1-2 base difference; large data output

-Disadvantages: analysis can be complex, requires high computing capacity; cannot use standard devices, facilities usually just for needed technology

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7
Q

Epigenetics

A

changes in gene expression without actually changing nucleotide sequence; effects behavior through methylation events and histone association

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8
Q

How do epigenetic processes alter the display of an animal’s behavior?

A
  • through methylation events and histone association
  • Expression deals with gene mechanics (tightened vs loosened histones)
  • Histones can add methyl groups to DNA that can be tightened or loosened; association with promoter sites can changed, affecting behavior
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9
Q

What do the heritability and environmentability proportions tell us about the influence of genetics and environment on a behavior?

A
  • 0 = genes contribute nothing to differences in behavior
  • 1 = genes contribute 100% to differences in behavior
  • H^2 depends on range of environments within a population
  • E depends on range of genetics within a population
  • ROT: h^2 increases, E decreases (and vice versa)
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10
Q

How does the sex chromosome arrangement in mammals differ from that in zebra finches

A
  • Mammals: female (XX) and male (XY)
  • Birds: female (ZW) and male (ZZ)
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11
Q

What methodological technique(s) could be used to knock-down a gene(s)?

A

Si RNA and Antisense

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12
Q

Si RNA

A

small interfering RNA, targets translation (DNA to mRNA to protein), has synthetic strand complimentary to mRNA + Dicer enzyme

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13
Q

Antisense

A

targets translation, (DNA to mRNA to protein), synthetic strand complimentary to mRNA but NO DICER

Instead binds to mRNA of interest to create double stranded RNA that cannot be read by ribosomes; this stops DNA temporarily in tracks and repeated in experiments to stop process

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14
Q

Si RNA and Antisense Pros

A

effective method to alter gene expression, available for lots of species

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15
Q

Si RNA and Antisense Cons

A

NOT a knockout, only temporary effects (virus can sustain effect more)

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16
Q

What methodological technique(s) can be used to increase gene expression?

A

CRISPR/Cas-9 and Cre/lox

17
Q

CRISPR/Cas-9

A
  • CRISPR has guide RNA complimentary to strand to cut, and Cas-9 is enzyme that cuts; eliminated gene out of genomic DNA to place in our guide
18
Q

Cre/lox P

A

Cre recombinase is the enzyme to cut DNA and lox P is the marker where DNA should be cut

Participates in flanking, where DNA made with space to include gene getting excised

3 possible promoters

19
Q

3 possible promoters of Cre/lox P

A
  • tissue specific, time specific, inducible
20
Q

tissue specific Cre/lox P promoter

A

only active in specific tissue types; control where; example is liver as long as flanking

21
Q

time specific Cre/lox P Promoter

A
  • factors activate CRE @ specific developmental times; control whe
22
Q

Inducible

A

we activate CRE; control where

23
Q

Pros of CRISPR and Cre

A

cheap, faster than traditional KO animals(just injected complex), target multiple genes at once, tech available for multiple species if the genome is known(to synthesize RNA for injection), used in humans

24
Q

Cons of CRISPR and Cre

A

compensatory effects (cannot conclude 100% behavioral effect/correlation)

25
Q

What were the main results and conclusions from the gynandromorph finch study?

A
  • Right is male, left is female
  • Female bird ZW and male bird ZZ
  • Picture A: shows more female on the left than on the right, W gene more on left coincidentally
  • Picture B: shows more male on the right than left, Z gene more on right coincidentally (darker on right than on left)
26
Q

Describe the study of examined volume of HVC in male and female side of brain

A
  • Male side: HVC completely normal; indistinguishable from other males

-Female side: HVC abnormal; intermediate in size between male and female (larger than female, but not as large as male)

-Discussion: if female side intermediate, explain this - combination effect! (main conclusion in environmental, and hormonal effect most likely, contribute to brain developmental and ultimately behavior)

-Keep in mind that intelligence is measured broadly, standard changes with different species

27
Q

Gynandromorph

A

mosaic type, male and female cells; general misstep in meiosis

28
Q

Mosaics

A

cell from 2 or more genotypes

29
Q

Knockout

A

completely eliminate gene(s), never exposed to effects of gene

30
Q

Knock in

A

add copies of gene

31
Q

Chromosomes

A

long strands of DNA

32
Q

Gene

A

instruction for body to either do or make something; lots contribute to behavior but do NOT cause behavior (alter probability of behavior)

  • genes have to interact with environment, as well as each other, and gene expression is not constant (varies in epigenetics)
33
Q

Cross-fostering

A
  • Mice are being raised by different mothers
    This would be environmental influence; 2 strains same while mother raising them was different; shows it would be environmental due to more activity under strain C than Strain B

Note: Always need one variable to stay constant, another will be different in order to compare the data

34
Q

Knockout animal process of embryonic stem cells

A
  • Gene of interest creates protein that you now will get rid of; create a nonfunctional gene AND with a tag
    Extract blastocyst of mouse, for embryonic stem cells
    Embryonic cells have not taken on a specific responsibility yet, so we can influence what they do(after certain stage you cannot influence easily/at all)
    Electroporation gets tag into embryonic stem cells
    Glowing are affected, take out to be separated
35
Q

Knockout animal process of gene targeted mice

A

Embryonic stem cells added to blastocysts with many hormones
Implanted into female mice
Female mice will hopefully carry babies that have the effected gene
Offspring mice called chimeras: offspring with mutated tissues

36
Q

Knockout advantages

A
  • 100% elimination of genes
  • Target any gene (in theory), only if sequence is known; popular species(known genes) vs alternative species(not known)
37
Q

Knockout limitations

A
  • Number of species available
  • Technique does not always work!! Have to have a lot of hope
  • Expensive
  • Compensatory effects: when a gene up the line compensates for the knockout of a gene; broad conclusion would be that the gene had no function, when that could be totally untrue with further genetic research and proof (besides sight)
38
Q

Inducible Conditional Knockouts

A

-Can control when the knockout happens and where
- 2 ways: CRISPER/cas-9 and Cre/loxP

Animal Behavior (4 decks)

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