Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II spring 2025 (Steele) > Exam 1: AI Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: AI Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components that determine cardiac output?

A

Health of the heart and health of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the normal right atrial pressure under healthy conditions?

A

Zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does delta p represent in the context of venous return?

A

The difference between systemic pressure and right atrial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What indicates low resistance to venous return on a graph?

A

A steeper slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What indicates high resistance to venous return on a graph?

A

A shallower slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to venous return if right atrial pressure increases?

A

Venous return decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What effect does a hyper effective heart have on right atrial pressure?

A

It lowers right atrial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does systemic filling pressure affect venous return?

A

Higher systemic filling pressure increases venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to venous return when systemic filling pressure is reduced?

A

Venous return decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fill in the blank: Positive pressure ventilation leads to _______ venous return.

A

Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary effect of phenylephrine on the venous system?

A

It tightens the veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the maximum cardiac output without sympathetic stimulation?

A

Approximately 13 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can increase maximum cardiac output up to 35-40 L/min?

A

Intense sympathetic stimulation in trained athletes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to cardiac output with maximum parasympathetic stimulation?

A

It reduces cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effect does a myocardial infarction (MI) have on the cardiac output curve?

A

It shifts the curve downwards, indicating reduced pumping effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does a hypo-effective heart do to right atrial pressure?

A

It increases right atrial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the intersection of the venous return curve and cardiac output curve indicate?

A

The actual conditions of the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to cardiac output if only sympathetic stimulation is applied without changes to the circulatory system?

A

Cardiac output is capped at 6 L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fill in the blank: The right atrial pressure is negative when the heart is a _______ pump.

A

Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the effect of catecholamines on the heart and circulatory system?

A

They increase filling pressures and enhance venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to cardiac output in a weak heart?

A

Cardiac output is reduced and right atrial pressure increases

A weak heart struggles to pump blood effectively, leading to elevated central venous pressure (CVP) as the heart fails to manage venous return.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the expected right atrial pressure in heart failure without changes to the circulatory system?

A

Right atrial pressure would probably be about 3

In heart failure, the body’s compensatory mechanisms may not be sufficient to maintain normal cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the body compensate for heart problems?

A

By increasing filling pressures to help the struggling pump

This compensation allows for more blood to be pushed into the heart, potentially increasing cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to right atrial pressure when the circulatory system compensates for a weak heart?

A

The right atrial pressure increases significantly, possibly to 12-13

Compensation mechanisms may shift the venous return curve, affecting the pressures within the system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What role do catecholamines play in compensating for heart problems?

A

Catecholamines initially tighten the system to maintain blood volume

Over time, the body may rely on volume retention and blood expansion instead of high catecholamine levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What effect do anesthetics have on systemic filling pressure?

A

Anesthetics reduce systemic filling pressure by relaxing blood vessels

This can lead to complications in patients who depend on high filling pressures to maintain cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the intersection point of the venous return curve and cardiac output function curve indicative of?

A

It indicates the balance between cardiac output and venous return

Both sides of the heart must maintain similar outputs to avoid fluid overload or deficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does metabolic rate affect cardiac output?

A

Higher metabolic rates typically increase cardiac output

Blood vessels leading to active tissues dilate, allowing for increased blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What condition is characterized by a reduction in metabolic rate and potentially lower cardiac output?

A

Hypothyroidism

Reduced thyroid hormone levels lead to lower metabolic demands and decreased cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is BeriBeri and how does it affect cardiac output?

A

BeriBeri is a vitamin B1 deficiency that increases tissue energy needs, potentially raising cardiac output

Although rare in developed countries, it highlights the relationship between metabolic efficiency and cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does hyperthyroidism affect cardiac output?

A

Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate and decreases vascular resistance, raising cardiac output

The body’s demand for oxygen and nutrients increases, necessitating higher cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the effect of an AV shunt on vascular resistance and cardiac output?

A

An AV shunt reduces vascular resistance and can increase cardiac output

The addition of pathways for blood flow decreases overall resistance, leading to higher output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to cardiac output when sympathetic nervous system function is impaired?

A

Cardiac output does not increase despite higher metabolic rates

Without sympathetic outflow, venous constriction is absent, leading to low filling pressures and compromised cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is dinitrophenol and its effect on cardiac output?

A

Dinitrophenol is a metabolic stimulant that increases metabolic rate and can raise cardiac output if the sympathetic nervous system is functioning

Its use was historically associated with weight loss but can lead to serious cardiovascular issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the relationship between cardiac output and tissue metabolism?

A

Cardiac output is heavily dependent on tissue metabolism and requires cooperation from the circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens to blood pressure when the sympathetic nervous system is removed?

A

Blood pressure crashes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why are weight loss drugs based on metabolic stimulants considered dangerous?

A

They can cause overheating if taken in excess.

38
Q

What is the cardiac index?

A

A measure of cardiac output adjusted for body surface area (L/min/m^2).

39
Q

What is the typical cardiac index for a healthy 20-year-old, 70 kg patient?

A

About 3.

40
Q

How does gender affect cardiac index?

A

Typically, males have a higher cardiac index than females, except during pregnancy.

41
Q

At what age does the cardiac index typically max out?

A

Around age 10.

42
Q

What happens to cardiac index as we age?

A

It typically decreases due to reduced energy requirements.

43
Q

What is the expected cardiac index for a healthy 80-year-old patient?

A

About 2.4.

44
Q

How do the filling pressures differ between the right and left sides of the heart?

A

Right atrial pressure is 0, left atrial pressure is about 2.

45
Q

What is the impact of high vascular resistance on the left side of the heart?

A

The left side works harder due to pumping against higher resistance.

46
Q

What is the relationship between central venous pressure (CVP) and right atrial pressure?

A

CVP typically moves in lockstep with right atrial pressure.

47
Q

What is the effect of measuring distance on CVP readings?

A

CVP readings increase the further away you measure from the right atrium.

48
Q

What is the significance of gravitational pressure in cardiovascular measurements?

A

It can increase the pressure measured in veins located below the heart.

49
Q

What happens to cardiac output during progressive hemorrhagic shock?

A

Cardiac output decreases as blood volume and pressure drop.

50
Q

How does inspiration affect cardiac output?

A

Inspiration typically increases cardiac output due to negative pressure in the thorax.

51
Q

What intrapleural pressure is expected during normal respiration?

A

-4 mmHg.

52
Q

How does forced expiration affect thoracic pressure?

A

It increases thoracic pressure, potentially decreasing cardiac output.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The cardiac index is measured in _______.

A

L/min/m^2

54
Q

True or False: The left side of the heart has lower filling pressures than the right side.

A

False

55
Q

What can help a severely weakened heart pump more effectively?

A

Increasing filling pressure.

56
Q

What is the primary obstacle to venous return in the thorax?

A

High pressures in the chest that can collapse the chest veins.

57
Q

What happens to cardiac output when the pressure surrounding the pump is more negative?

A

Higher output

This is reflected by the cardiac output curve shifting to the left.

58
Q

What occurs during forceful expiration?

A

Increased pressures in the chest

This helps with exhaling air quickly.

59
Q

What is the expected effect on cardiac output with sustained increased thoracic pressure?

A

Drop in cardiac output

60
Q

What happens to cardiac output during normal inspiration?

A

Increases slightly

61
Q

What effect does sustained positive pressure surrounding the heart have on the cardiac output curve?

A

Shifts the curve to the right

62
Q

What is the consequence of having a higher-than-normal pleural pressure?

A

Decreased cardiac output

63
Q

What compensatory mechanism does the body use to maintain normal cardiac output with high surrounding pressure?

A

Increase filling pressure

64
Q

What is the effect of fluid accumulation around the heart on cardiac output?

A

Causes filling problems and decreases cardiac output

65
Q

What type of heart condition is characterized by a lower plateau in the cardiac output curve?

A

Hypo effective heart

66
Q

What happens to the cardiac output curve with a hyper effective heart?

A

Shifts to the left with a higher plateau

67
Q

What does a reduction in pleural pressure do to the cardiac output curve?

A

Shifts it to the left

68
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR) mainly governed by?

A

Arterioles

69
Q

What is the effect of arterial-specific vasodilators on blood flow?

A

Easier blood flow from left heart to right heart

70
Q

What is the impact of venular-specific vasodilators on filling pressure?

A

Reduces filling pressure

71
Q

What is an example of a venular-specific vasodilator?

A

Nitroglycerin

72
Q

What happens to cardiac output if filling pressure is low?

A

Cardiac output is much lower

73
Q

What is the primary effect of nitroglycerin during heart attacks?

A

Reduces preload

74
Q

What occurs with mixed vasodilators affecting both arteries and veins?

A

Changes in both filling pressure and resistance to venous return

75
Q

What is the consequence of reduced resistance to venous return alongside low filling pressure?

A

Mixed results in cardiac output

76
Q

What happens to filling pressure when it is reduced?

A

It leads to a drop in cardiac output

The reduction in filling pressure outweighs the reduction in resistance to venous return.

77
Q

Which change is more important in the cardiovascular system: change in filling pressure or change in resistance to venous return?

A

Change in filling pressure

Filling pressure is the dominant variable affecting cardiac output.

78
Q

What are two ways to change filling pressure in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Constricting veins
  • Adding or removing volume from the system
79
Q

What does a reduction in venous compliance indicate?

A

The tightness of the veins is increasing

Reduced compliance means the walls of the veins are less stretchy.

80
Q

What effect does increasing venous compliance have on filling pressure?

A

It decreases filling pressure

Increased compliance allows veins to hold more blood at lower pressure.

81
Q

How does losing volume affect cardiac output if the heart’s pumping effectiveness remains normal?

A

It results in a lower cardiac output

82
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and how does it relate to venous return?

A

SVR is the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation, and reducing SVR increases venous return.

83
Q

True or False: Reducing arterial constriction will decrease filling pressure.

A

False

Reducing arterial constriction affects the slope of venous return but does not directly change filling pressure.

84
Q

What happens in the body during a heart attack to compensate for a damaged heart?

A
  • Veins tighten
  • SVR increases
  • Arteries shunt blood away from non-essential areas
85
Q

What is the long-term adjustment the body makes if someone has a damaged heart?

A

The kidneys expand blood volume

This helps improve venous return without excessive vascular constriction.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: A reduction in compliance means that the walls of the container are ______.

A

tighter

87
Q

What is the expected effect of relaxing the choke point in the vascular system?

A

Filling pressure does not change much

It reduces systemic vascular resistance.

88
Q

What does an increase in filling pressure typically lead to in terms of cardiac output?

A

An increase in cardiac output

89
Q

What is the relationship between venous constriction and filling pressure?

A

Venous constriction increases filling pressure

90
Q

What does the term ‘PSF’ stand for in this context?

A

Pressure of the systemic filling

A&P II spring 2025 (Steele) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions